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Category: SINDH HISTORY

  • Commissioner’s office, Karachi 28th June 1899 Acting Commission in Sind

     

    Commissioner’s office, Karachi 28th June 1899 Acting Commission in Sind

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  • British Policy Towards Sindh

     British-Policy-Towards-Sindh

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  • Historical-Geography-Of-Sind

     Historical-Geography-Of-Sind

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  • Sind-War-Development-Schemes

    Sind-War-Development-Schemes

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  • SOME EVENTS ABOUT SINDH

    Feb 1990 Violent anti-government demonstrations organized by the Mohajir Quami Movement (MQM, a movement of Urdu-speaking Muslim immigrants who left India in 1947) in Karachi, the capital of Sindh and the largest city of Pakistan, left at least 60 people dead and over 100 injured. A curfew was imposed and troops were called in to restore order. The demonstrations were called by the MQM to protest against the alleged abduction of MQM members by supporters of the ruling Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP). Qaim A. Shah resigned as Sindh Chief Minister and was replaced by another PPP member, Aftab S. Mirani. A swap of 76 rival political activists followed army-sponsored talks in Karachi to end days of political violence between supporters of the MQM and the Jaye Sindh, which demands autonomy for Sindh, the home province of Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto.
    May 1990 A curfew was imposed in Hyderabad, the second largest city of Sindh, following machine-gun battles between the Mohajirs (Muslim immigrants) and the native Sindhis. The situation deteriorated after the arrest of Qadir Magsi, a Sindhi nationalist leader. The death toll in the city reached over 80. Ethnic violence in Karachi left 13 dead including a senior MQM leader. The army was deployed in Sindh to help civilian authorities restore law and order. There were repeated allegations, which were difficult to verify, that law enforcement agencies favored the PPP followers and caused the deaths of innocents while attempting to bring the violence under control or by standing by and refusing to intervene. (State Dept. Dispatch, 02/91). The PPP denied the allegations.
    Aug 1990 President Ghulam Khan, pursuant to his constitutional powers, dismissed the Pakistan Peoples’ Party (PPP) government of Bhutto and dissolved the national and provincial assemblies. Elections were called for respectively on October 24 and 27. A state of emergency was declared to enable the President to act in absence of the assemblies.
    Nov 1990 Nawaz Sharif, the leader of the Islamic Democratic Alliance (IDA), has been sworn in as Prime Minister, after his right-wing coalition defeated the PPP-led opposition.
    Jan 1991 The Hyderabad Press Club held its annual elections. Sindhi journalists boycotted it and there are now two press clubs. The government has agreed to allocate new flats in specific ethnic areas. Wounded victims of violence even attend hospitals divided along ethnic lines. During the last 5 years some 3,000 people have been killed in ethnic violence.
    Feb 1991 14 people have been killed and 26 others wounded in ethnic violence. The clashes were among the worst since Nawaz Sharif took office last November.
    May 1991 At least 5 people were killed and 16 wounded by gunmen in Hyderabad, as a faction of the Jaye Sindh called for a protest strike to mark the anniversary of the arrest of the faction’s leader, Qadir Magsi. But most shops opened as usual in the city, which is dominated by Mohajir settlers.
    Sep 1991 Three people were killed in bomb attacks during a strike in Hyderabad. Native Sindhis were protesting against the repatriation of Biharis, the so-called “stranded Pakistanis” from Bangladesh.
    Oct 1991 Life was disrupted in parts of Sindh after a strike called by the progressive group of the Jaye Sindh Tehrik to protest the appointment of a caretaker Chief Minister, Tariq Javed, who is from the Mohajir community. Javed is replacing Jam Sadiq Ali pending his return from medical treatment in London. The MQM is a partner in the Sindh government. The strike call was not heeded in Karachi, which is dominated by the Mohajirs.
    Jan 1992 Sindh separatist leader G.M. Syed has been put under house arrest, after his speech at a function held to celebrate his birthday challenged “the integrity of Pakistan.” As the leader of the nationalist Jaye Sindh, he supports the secession of Sindh and its establishment as a separate entity to be known as Sindhudesh.
    May 1992 Ties between neighbors Pakistan and India slumped further when Pakistani Interior Minister told Parliament that Indian intelligence was fuelling sabotage and terrorism in the restive province of Sindh. Opposition leader Bhutto said that an army operation in Sindh should be a part of a political package for the province. Speaking in a parliamentary debate, Bhutto demanded the allocation of job quotas in the federal and provincial governments and government-controlled corporations to natives of Sindh (Reuters, 05/26/92). President Ghulam Khan ordered the army to go into Sindh to “clean up the mess”. This would be the country’s biggest campaign to control ethnic violence, abductions and other crimes that have paralyzed life in the province.
    Jun 1992 After the first anniversary of the founding of the Jaye Sindh Progressive Party on March 21, the party has launched the second phase of its struggle, with the ultimate objective of fighting for complete independence for the province. The Jaye Sindh says its people have been suffering all forms of discrimination and brutalities at the hands of the Punjabi-dominated center. (BBC cites All-India Radio, 06/04/92). The army has accepted the blame for the deaths of nine villagers in Sindh and removed three commanders from their posts. Bhutto, who challenges the legitimacy of the state’s civilian government, said there will be no improvement in her home province until Sindhis are given their due rights (Reuters, 06/14/92). Y. Bakhtiar, the leader of the opposition in the Senate, has demanded more powers for the army in the Sindh operation. Troops have raided the offices of the government-allied MQM and begun to disarm its militants. The army launched a cleanup operation last month hoping to apprehend some 7,000 “robbers” operating from the forests of interior Sindh. The opposition had initially criticized the army for capturing only native Sindhis while ignoring other ethnic groups.
    Oct 1992 While reporting about human resource development in the defence industry, Economic Review reports the provinces of Sindh and Baluchistan have marginal representation in the defence forces. Representation from these provinces is essential for national integration. In order to attract Sindhis and Baluchis, a number of measures have been taken.
    Jan 1993 Pakistan took back the first batch of 300 Bihari refugees, the stranded Pakistanis from Bangladesh, after a wait of about two decades. While the beginning partly fulfills a 1990 promise by the ruling IDA to repatriate all the refugees — about 250,000 — they are reported to be far from universally welcome. Native Sindhis, championed by the opposition PPP, see them as a part of a long-running conspiracy by the Punjabi-dominated Islamabad government to further swamp the southern province with outsiders. Already the native Sindhis are a minority in their own province, particularly in the major urban centers. Conscious of Sindhi sensibilities, the government has promised to house the refugees in the eastern province of Punjab. But few doubt that any fresh influx of Biharis, like their million-plus ethnic kinfolk who have illegally spirited their way into Karachi in the past five years, will eventually gravitate towards Sindh’s urban centers (The Guardian, 01/11/93). Army troops were called in to patrol the streets of the southern Sindh cities of Karachi and Hyderabad, to avert a possible ethnic backlash in the wake of four bomb blasts that left 30 people dead and over 100 wounded in Hyderabad. Rival ethnic groups called for protests against the bombings. Political leaders including Mrs. Benazir Bhutto condemned the government’s failure to maintain law and order. No one has claimed responsibility for the killings, but police suspect the Jaye Sindh, a nationalist group opposed to the immigration of Urdu-speaking Biharis from Bangladesh (AFP, 01/25/93).
    Mar 1993 The Pakistan government has warned officials in all 4 provinces to take precautionary measures against possible terrorist attacks following a rash of explosions in Bombay that have killed nearly 300 and wounded more than 1,000 people. The government of Sindh, regarded as Pakistan’s soft-belly because of its long border with India, declared Karachi and several other districts as “sensitive areas” and sent additional forces to remain on alert. Pakistan and India regularly accuse each other of helping terrorists like Muslims in Kashmir against India, or nationalist forces in Sindh against Pakistan.
    Apr 1993 The Federal Minister of Defence Production Mir Bijrani announced his resignation from the cabinet. In his resignation letter, he cited the indifference of the coalition Prime Minister Sharif towards issues like stemming ethnic violence in Sindh, the apprehension of the native Sindhis toward the repatriation of Biharis from Bangladesh, and under-representation of rural Sindhis in the federal services (Middle East Intelligence Report, 04/11/93). President Ghulam Khan dismissed the Sharif government and dissolved the Parliament in view of conflicts over power sharing between him and the Prime Minister.
    May 1993 The MQM called for a boycott of the on-going provincial elections to protest the May 1 killing of an MQM leader. The party had long antagonized native Sindhis with its strong pro-Islamabad line. However, it broke away from the coalition government of Nawaz Sharif following an army crackdown on the MQM last June. The Supreme Court restored the Sharif government and the Parliament. However, the verdict did not end the crisis. The two sides instead have expanded their battle into a political control of the provinces.
    Jul 1993 The President, Prime Minister and Army Chief held a meeting in a last-ditch effort to avoid using the army to solve the country’s crippling political crisis. The opposition led by Mrs. Bhutto had asked the army to remove Sharif and arrange for new elections within 90 days. Bhutto cooperated last year when the army launched an operation against outlaws in her native Sindh. This helped the army improve its relations with the Sindhis, perceived as anti-army since 1979 when Bhutto’s father, Z. A. Bhutto, a native Sindhi Prime Minister, was hung for his alleged involvement in a political murder.
    Oct 1993 Benazir Bhutto has returned to power for the second time after three years in the political wilderness. Her PPP captured 86 seats in comparison to 72 by Sharif’s party in the National Assembly of 207 seats. Ms. Bhutto also strengthened her hold on Punjab, the richest and most populous province, and with allies, formed provincial governments in Punjab and Sindh.
    Dec 1993 Massive demonstrations organized by the Jaye Sindh Student Federation were held in several cities in Sindh in protest against the continued detention of M.G. Syed, the leader of the Sindh separatist organizations — the Jaye Sindh Movement and the Sindh National Alliance. The Jaye Sindh Progressive Party Chairman Dr. K. Makhti has asked Islamabad to stop the on-going anti-Sindhi operation launched by the army in the province (BBC cites All-India Radio, 12/17/93).
    Jan 1994 Arrangements for a forthcoming census March 26 to April 7) have been finalized. The former Sharif government started the process in 1991, but abandoned it half-way when a controversy arose in Sindh about the exaggeration of household numbers. In Sindh two major ethnic communities — Sindhis and Mohajirs — are engaged in a battle of claims and counterclaims about their population ratios. Both reject the existing census figures as totally off the mark (Economic Review, Pakistan, 01/94).
    Mar 1994 Leaders of the Indian community in Manila have urged the Philippine government to stop immigration officers from extorting money from Filipinos of Indian origin and other immigrants residing in the country. There are about 20,000 Indians in the Philippines — most of whom are Sindhis, who fled from Pakistan after the partition of the subcontinent in 1947.
    Jun 1994 A Pakistani court sentenced the entire leadership of the MQM to 27 years in prison each for kidnapping and torturing a military intelligence officer. The prosecution claimed that on the orders of MQM leader Altaf Hussain, his supporters kidnapped and severely beat up Major Kaleem and his 4 assistants in June 1991. Hussain went into exile in London more than two years ago. He is the leader of about 10 million Mohajirs who live in the major urban centers of Sindh.
    Oct 1994 The leader of the MQM, Altaf Hussain, has asked his followers if they favor the division of Sindh and the creation of a separate Mohajir province. Hussain’s statements from his exile in London, have angered Sindhis in the province. One Sindhi newspaper has accused the US of helping the MQM create another Hong Kong in the heartland of Pakistan. Sindhi nationalist parties have uniformly condemned Mr. Hussain as a traitor and an Indian agent bent on destroying the country. In rural Sindh, Sindhis have begun to arm themselves. In the 109 seat Sindh Provincial Assembly, the MQM has 27 urban seats which has deepened the urban-rural divide (Daily Telegraph, 10/07/94). A scheduled population census has been abruptly postponed by the Pakistani government in response to ethnic rivalries and hostility from provincial authorities. The census was scheduled to begin on October 23; however, the federal government has begun a nationwide enumeration of housing units in preparation for the census. The last official census was taken in Pakistan in 1981. Punjabis feel that the census would be unfair to them as they fear that other provinces might inflate their populations to obtain more federal funds (Punjab is estimated to hold 60% of the country’s population). In Sindh, native-Sindhi speakers and the Mohajirs claim to outnumber each other. The Baluchis felt the census should be postponed until the Afghan refugees are repatriated (Agence France Presse, 10/19/94).
    Dec 1994 The withdrawal of the army from Karachi three weeks ago has led to an eruption of unprecedented violence. The army pullout ends a 29 month operation that had come under harsh criticism from human rights activists for its excesses against civilians. Police and paramilitary forces appear unable to stop the violence which has led to the deaths of over 90 officers and more than 750 civilians this year. Prime Minister Bhutto has agreed to open talks with the MQM. The violence involves four different conflicts between the Sindhis and Mohajirs, various factions of the Mohajirs, rival criminal gangs, and the Sunnis and Shias (Times Newspapers Ltd., 12/21/94; Financial Times, 12/28/94). The violence has also led to increased tensions between India and Pakistan. The Pakistani government alleges that the violence has been fomented by Indian agents. This has led to the closure of the Indian consulate in Karachi and the expulsion by both countries of two diplomats (Times Newspapers Ltd., 12/21/94; Financial Times, 12/28/94).
    Jan 1995 The Sindh government is reported to have offered close to $500,000 in “head money” for sixteen suspects, including eight MQM leaders who are accused of capital crimes. The move comes on the heels of the deployment of elite Pakistani army units in Karachi. Some 160 people were killed in Karachi last December due to battles among various groups (see above). Karachi’s Mohajir community is embittered over alleged discrimination in employment and university admissions. There is only one Mohajir minister in the Sindhi-dominated provincial government. Native Sindhis are upset because they believe that the fruits of economic development policies are largely received by immigrant-dominated cities in the province (Asiaweek, 01/13/95).
    Apr 1995 The head of the Jaye Sindh movement, G.M. Syed, has died. The Jaye Sindh has been seeking a separate “Sindudesh” homeland in the province. It has a strong following in rural areas and among the intelligentsia, but has not been able to gain enough support to win an election. Syed, who was 92, had been under house arrest for the past three years and was facing treason charges before a Karachi court. He died in a Karachi hospital after being in a coma for 39 days. Syed began his campaign for a separate Sindh state in the 1930s when he sought to divide Sindh from Bombay province (Reuters, 04/25/95).
    Jun 1995 At least 17 people were killed in Karachi as violence erupted over the alleged gang rape of a Mohajir girl. The girl has identified her main attacker as a local leader of the Pakistan People’s Party. For the past two months, Karachi has suffered from another wave of violence that daily results in the deaths of 5 to 10 people. The latest violence follows the call for a protest by the MQM. It has spread to other Mohajir-dominated towns in the province. (UPI, 06/23/95).
    Jul 1995 The federal government has issued 21 conditions in its talks with the MQM in response to the 18 points earlier put forward by the Mohajir movement. Among these points, the government has asked the MQM to give up what it calls a “policy of ethnic cleansing” and the targeting of other ethnic groups such as Punjabis, Sindhis, Pashtuns, and Baluchis. In the past, powerful Sindhi politicians have sabotaged talks between the government and the MQM. So far, over 1000 people have been killed in Karachi in battles between militants and police/paramilitary troops. 334 people were killed last month alone. It is unclear from reports how many of those killed are Sindhis (Daily Telegraph, 07/07/95 & 07/13/95).
    Aug 1995 In Karachi on August 2, the bodies of 12 people were found in a mini-bus while six others were killed in attacks by unidentified gunmen. The twelve people in the bus were reported to be Punjabis and Sindhis. The police believe they were kidnapped and murdered by MQM activists who suspected they were police informants. On August 24, four Sindhis were reported dead in Karachi as a two-day strike called by the MQM turned violent (Reuters, 08/03/95; Reuters, 08/24/95).
    Dec 1995 The consulates of Britain, France, Italy, and Saudi Arabia are closing their doors in Karachi after receiving violent threats from extremists. The consulates will be reopened in Lahore. Pakistani authorities indicate that the threats are part of an international network of terrorists who were also behind the recent bombing of the Egyptian embassy in Islamabad. (UPI, 12/19/95). It is estimated that about 2000 people were killed in Karachi in 1995 as a result of criminal and ethnic warfare. This makes 1995 the bloodiest year since 1988 when Karachi first became the site of large-scale violence between the Mohajirs and government forces/other ethnic groups. Meanwhile, talks continue between the Bhutto government and the MQM (Inter Press Service, 01/05/96).
    Jan 1996 Nine people, including four activists of the Mohajir Qaumi Movement (MQM) were killed in different parts of Karachi, leading some political observers to warn of possible ethnic riots in the Sindhi and Mohair communities. Earlier that week, 17 people including two army captains and three other security officials were shot dead by unidentified militants. The victims, including the officers and other law enforcement personnel were kidnapped and killed by militants and their bodies placed in a stolen van found in Liaquatabad, a district of Karachi. Police believed the killers were members of the Naim Sheri terrorist group of the MQM.. Most of the victims were Sindhis. (United Press International 1/2/96)
    Feb 1996 The chairman of Jeay Sindh, Dr Qadir Magsi accused the government of siphoning off Sindhi wealth from oil, gas, granite, coal and the sea port and neglecting the industrial sector, while spending most of the development budget on defence forces. He also alleged that the Sindhis were excluded from all major institutions. He said Sindhis would demand the right of secession if their national and political rights were not recognized. (British Broadcasting Corporation 2/13/96). Four people including a police officer were killed in different parts of Karachi. A Mohajir Quami Movement, or MQM, activist was killed in a shootout with police, while another person was killed when an unidentified gunman opened fire on his car, and a passerby died after being caught in the crossfire between police and MQM gunmen. The government of Benazir Bhutto, a native Sindhi, repeatedly blamed the MQM for continued violent attacks in Karachi. But the group has denied fomenting violence, and says it has been the victim of assaults by the police and the paramilitary forces. (United Press International 2/19/96)
    Apr 1996 A strike by the opposition Mohajir Qaumi Movement (MQM) to protest recent police killing of six militants paralysed Karachi. At the same time, a crowd of about 250 people staged a demonstration against the strike outside the MQM office in the party stronghold of Azizabad. The demonstrators held the banner of Sindh Ittehad Tehrik (SIT) and were heavily protected by police. Some 2,700 people have been killed in the political violence in the city during the past 15 months, 250 of them since the start of the new year. (Deutsche Presse-Agentur 4/3/96)
    Sep 1996 Murtaza Bhutto, brother of the Prime Minister, was murdered, prompting a violent rampage in Sindh province. The 10 party opposition alliance, which included the Pakistan Muslim League of former prime minister Nawaz Sharif and the powerful Mohajir Qaumi Movement (MQM) believed that the government, rather than traditional ethnic rivalries, was responsible for his death. Leaders and supporters of Murtaza’s faction of the Pakistan People’s Party (PPP), known as the PPP-Shaheed Bhutto group, announced a 10 day period of mourning. (Agence France Presse 9/25/96)
    Oct 1996 An opposition Mohajir Qaumi Movement (MQM) deputy told a court she was “forced to change loyalty” when she defected to government ranks last month. Feroza Begum, the MQM’s only woman deputy in the provincial Sindh assembly, took an oath as a minister in the Sindh government on September 11, shortly after her son Osama Qadri was arrested on charges of terrorism. (Agence France Presse 10/24/96)
    Nov 1996 Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto was removed from office amid charges that her husband had been illegally profiting from government contracts and that she had failed to stop numerous killings throughout the country. The dismissal caused considerable celebration throughout the country, especially by the MQM in Karachi. (Agence France Presse 11/5/96)
    Feb 1997 In national elections, Benazir Bhutto’s PPP won only 17 seats in the Parliament, and not even a majority in Sindh province. Bhutto claimed the elections were fraudulent. She said the Supreme Court verdict upholding her dismissal delivered just four days before the polling was timed to influence the elections. (Deutsche Presse-Agentur 2/4/97)
    Jun 1997 Pir Mazharul Haq, a provincial deputy opposition leader and former minister of the PPP, was kidnapped near the city of Hyderabad. Chief minister Liaqat Jatio’s government initially believed the kidnapping had been staged so that Haq could avoid corruption charges from his 1993-96 tenure as minister for law, parliamentary affairs and town planning in the PPP’s Sindh provincial government. The government’s initial reluctance to investigate the matter led PPP activists to demonstrate in Karachi. (Deutsche Presse-Agentur 6/19/97)
    Jul 1997 After the Karachi power corporation chief, Malik Shahid Hamid was shot dead, Karachi police arrested over 500 political activists, including members of the PPP and MQM. (Agence France Presse 7/7/97)
    Aug 1997 Violence in Karachi killed the head of a hospital, a newspaper vendor, an activist from the MQM and one from Jeay Sindh Mahaz. (Agence France Presse 8/10/97)
    Nov 1997 At least three people were killed in fierce gunbattles in eastern Karachi. Police linked the deaths to continuing rivalry between activists of Jeay Sindh, the Muttehida Qaumi Movement (MQM) of Urdu-speaking settlers and its splinter faction. (Agence France Presse 11/10/97)
    Dec 1997 Farooq Ahmad Khan Leghari resigned as president of Pakistan. Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif appointed a Punjabi, Muhammad Rafiq Tarar, to replace him, leading Benazir Bhutto to claim that other provinces in Pakistan were being deprived and the federation was being weakened. Tarar was later denied the opportunity to run by the election commission. (Deutsche Presse-Agentur 12/10/97 & 12/18/97)
    Mar 1998 Pakistan completed its first census in 18 years. The census had been controversial. Among others, the Sindhis had resisted it, because they feared it would lead to a decrease in their political power in favor of the Mohajirs, who had grown due to immigration and population growth. (Inter Press Service 3/15/98)
    Jun 1998 The ANP joined with the PPP and several other parties to protest the proposed construction of a hydroelectric dam in NWFP. The dam was expected to produce over 3,600 megawatts electricity by damming the river Indus, but the ANP said it would submerge vast areas within a hundred kilometer radius of the proposed site. The proposal had languished for thirty years due to fierce opposition, but Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif had announced he would build it regardless of the protests. (Deutsche Presse-Agentur 6/12/98). Major markets and shops were shut and public transport was off the roads in the cities of Hyderabad, Sukkur, Larkana, Mirpurkhas and Nawabshah as part of a Sindhi-led strike to protest the proposed Kalabagh dam project. All the major Sindi parties opposed the project, which they said would deprive Sindh of irrigation water and damage its environment, and that the government was ignoring the needs of non-Punjabis. (Agence France Presse 6/17/97)
    Sep 1998 Nine people were arrested on the charge of hoisting the Indian national flag on three buildings in Sindh and Hyderabad. (The Statesman (India) 9/9/98)
    Oct 1998 A nationalist conference of Sindhis, Pashtuns, Balochs and Seraikis in Pakistan resolved to stand united against the domination of Punjabis and threatened that Pakistan might collapse if they were not given equal rights. The event marked the launch of the Pakistan Oppressed Nations Movement (PONM). The conference issued a joint statement in which Pakistan was described as a ” multinational country” comprising five nations of Punjabis, Sindhis, Balochs, Pashtuns and Seraikis and demanded that all of them should be autonomous and sovereign. (British Broadcasting Corporation 10/4/98). The Pakistani government suspended the provincial assembly in the troubled Sindh province and placed the region under direct federal rule. Prime Minister Sharif said in a televised speech that the decision had been taken to curb lawlessness and fight terrorism in Sindh. (Agence France Presse 10/30/98)
    Nov 1998 Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif set up special military courts in Sindh province to try people accused of terrorism, murders and other serious crimes in an attempt to reduce the violence in Karachi, where over 1,000 people had been murdered in one year. The PPP and the MQM both condemned the move, which they said “marks the complete erosion of civil authority and constitutional rule.” (Agence France Presse 11/20/98)
    Feb 1999 The PPP and MQM began their appeal in the Pakistani Supreme Court, charging that there was no justification for the creation of military courts in Sindh province. The Supreme court agreed, ruling that “military courts for the trial of civilians” were “unconstitutional, without lawful authority and of no legal effect.” (Agence France Presse 2/1/99 and Financial Times (London) 2/18/99)
    Apr 1999 A Karachi court found Benazir Bhutto guilty of corruption, prompting protests and a strike by her PPP, which claimed that she was the victim of a political conspiracy. The strike -banned under the direct federal rule of Sindh imposed in October 1998 – led to the arrest of 100 PPP members. While the strike continued across most of Sindh province, it was not noticeable in Karachi, where the Mohajirs made up the majority. (Agence France Presse 4/15/99 & 4/17/99)
    May 1999 The Pakistan People’s Party (PPP) appealed to the army and the judiciary to intervene on behalf of former Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto and her husband for alleged government persecution. Syed Khurshid Shah and Naveed Qamar, two leaders of PPP, rejected a police report that Bhutto’s husband, Senator Asif Zardari, injured himself on neck and head while trying to commit suicide during police interrogation and that Zardari, still in police custody, had not been moved to a hospital as ordered by the Sindh High Court. Zardari was under investigation for two murders. Bhutto later alleged that her husband did not attempt suicide, but had been tortured in a secret security agency operated by Prime Minister Sharif. (Japan Economic Newswire 5/18/99 and Inter Press Service 5/19/99)
    Aug 1999 Amid growing threats of a mass movement by the opposition, the government declared “internal disturbance” through “illegal” strikes, go-slows or lock-outs as “terrorist acts.” An opposition leader alleged the government’s latest move was part of its plan to crush the general strike called by Pakistan People’s Party and Muttahida Qaumi Movement on 4 September in Sindh and Karachi and similar plans by other parties in the first week of next month. Authorities had launched a crackdown on the PPP and MQM by arresting hundreds of their leaders and workers in a bid to stall the proposed strike call against the recently-imposed 15 per cent general sales tax. The PPP claimed that 400 of its workers were taken into custody. (The Statesman [India] 8/28/99). Bhutto denounced a citizen’s move to unseat a provincial high court judge on the grounds that he is a Hindu. Bhutto said she suspected the move against Justice Bhagwan Das of the Sindh High Court was aimed at precluding him from becoming chief justice of that court. She said Sharif’s regime had never appointed a member of a minority to the superior judiciary. (Deutsche Presse-Agentur 8/31/99). More than 1,000 Pakistani political activists from the PPP and MQM were detained in a week-long crackdown on anti-government protests in Karachi and Hyderabad. Police officials said the crackdown was part of “preventive” measures to maintain law and order. They added the planned strikes by the MQM and PPP for Sept. 4 were illegal. City police chief Farooq Amin Qureshi told AFP that 683 people, including 291 from the PPP and 179 from the MQM, had been detained in Karachi alone during the week. (Agence France Presse 9/1/99)
    Sep 1999 Karachi and Hyderabad virtually shut down in response to strikes declared by the PPP and MQM against a sales tax imposed by the central government. (Agence France Presse 9/4/99). Police detained most of the leadership of the PPP and MQM after a public rally which was broken up by police using tear gas and batons. In response, the combined opposition (of 19 political parties) called a strike to protest the increasingly militaristic tactics of the Sharif government. That strike, in turn, generated another 50 arrests and a call for a hunger strike. (Agence France Presse 9/11/99 & 9/12/99)
    Oct 1999 The Pakistani Army staged a bloodless coup, removing Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif, and placing Gen. Pervez Musharraf in charge of the country.
    Feb 2000 The World Sindhi Institute (WSI) issued a statement protesting U.S. President Clinton’s decision to visit Pakistan. WSI appealed to him to address certain critical issues facing Pakistan, including the need for decentralization and the “colonization” of non-Punjabis. (U.S. Newswire 2/10/2000)
    Apr 2000 The military government announced plans for the devolution of central government power to the local levels. The plan would include direct party-less elections at union (village) and district levels. Elected institutions at the two levels have special reserved seats for women, farmers and vulnerable groups. However, Sindhis and other groups remained skeptical for several reasons. Firstly, some said it reminded them of plans pushed under previous dictatorships which only served to increase centralization. Secondly, Sindhis feared it would overrule the autonomy given to Sindh province. Thirdly, many groups said they wanted a return to democracy before any other changes in government took place. (Inter Press Service 4/12/00). The BBC reported that the Pakistani government initiated steps to break up the foreign network of religious, regional, and ethnic organizations. According to sources, intelligence agencies all over Pakistan began collecting statistics about organizations involved in fanning regional prejudice, sparking ethnic riots, and carrying out terrorism acts and sabotage by inciting religious sentiments, including information about their funding. The sources note that in the past these organizations have sparked ethnic riots in Karachi; created disturbances in Quetta and Peshawar on regional and linguistic grounds; and caused sectarian violence on the basis of religion in Punjab, Sindh, and NWFP [North-West Frontier Province]. (British Broadcasting Corporation 4/20/00).
  • Pakistan Princely States to 1955

    Pakistan Princely States to 1955

      Punjab and Sindh states

    Bahawalpur
     

    [Bahawalpur c.1885 -1945 (British India)]
    c.1885 – 1945
    [Bahawalpur 1945-1955 (Pakistan)]
    1945 – 14 Oct 1955
    Map of Bahawalpur Capital: Bahawalpur Population: 1,823,125 (1951) Constitution
    Government of Bahawalpur Act
     (1949), (1952)    		 Salute: 17 guns
    (increased by
    Pakistan to 21)

    1690                       Bahawalpur State founded.
    13 Sep 1833                British protectorate (signed 22 Feb 1833).
     5 Oct 1947                Bahawalpur accedes to Pakistan.
    14 Oct 1955                State extinguished; part of West Pakistan (from 1970, Punjab).

    Emirs (full title from 5 Jan 1740, Nawwab Amir)
    1690 - 1702                Bahadur Khan II                    (b. 16.. - d. 1702)
    1702 - 1723                Mobarak Khan I                     (b. 16.. - d. 1726)
    1723 - 11 Apr 1746         Sadeq Mohammad Khan I              (d. 1746)
    11 Apr 1746 - 12 Jun 1750  Mohammad Bahawal Khan I            (d. 1750)
    12 Jun 1750 -  4 Jun 1772  Mobarak Khan II                    (d. 1772)
     4 Jun 1772 - 13 Aug 1809  Mohammad Bahawal Khan II           (b. 1753 - d. 1809)
    13 Aug 1809 - 17 Apr 1826  Sadeq Mohammad Khan II             (b. 1781 - d. 1826)
    17 Apr 1826 - 19 Oct 1852  Mohammad Bahawal Khan III          (d. 1852)
    19 Oct 1852 - 20 Feb 1853  Sadeq Mohammad Khan III            (d. 1861)
    20 Feb 1853 -  3 Oct 1858  Fath Mohammad Khan                 (d. 1858)
     3 Oct 1858 - 25 Mar 1866  Mohammad Bahawal Khan IV           (d. 1866)
    25 Mar 1866 - 14 Feb 1899  Sadeq Mohammad Khan IV             (b. 1862 - d. 1899)
                                 (from 9 Nov 1890, Sir     Sadeq Mohammad Khan IV)
    25 Mar 1866 - 12 Feb 1879  ... Begum Sahiba (f) -Regent       (d. 1879)
    Mar 1866 – 1879            British Superintendents
                               - William Ford (Mar-Nov 1866)      (b. 1821 - d. 1905)
                               - Charles Cherry Minchin           (b. 1829 - d. 1899)
                                  (    Nov 1866 – 1878)
                               - Leopold John Herbert Grey        (b. 1840 - d. 1903)
                                  (1st time) (1878-1879)
    14 Feb 1879 - 28 Nov 1879  Mahabat Khan     -Regent (1st time)
    14 Feb 1899 - 15 Feb 1907  Mohammad Bahawal Khan V            (b. 1883 - d. 1907)
    14 Feb 1899 - 12 Nov 1903  Mahabat Khan -Regent (2nd time)
    14 Feb 1899 - Apr 1903     Leopold John Herbert Grey              (s.a.)
                                 (2nd time)(British superintendent)
     15 Feb 1907 - 14 Oct 1955  Sadeq Mohammad Khan V              (b. 1904 - d. 1966)
                                 (from 17 Mar 1922, Sir     Sadeq Mohammad Khan V)
    17 Aug 1907 - 1922         Sir Maulvi Rahim Bakhsh -Regent    (b. 1857 - d. 1936)
                                 (president of the council of regency)
    1922 - 1923                Mohammad Khan     -Regent              (b. 1884 - d. 1955)
                                 (president of the council of regency)

    Wazirs (Chief ministers; full title in 1906: Mushir-I-Ala, Wazir)
     1809 - 1811                Nasir Khan Baluchi (or Gorgej)
    1825 - 18..                Muhammad Yaqub
    Nov 1852 - 185.            Munshi Chaukas Rai
    Feb 1853 - 1853            Faqir Siraj-ud-din                 (d. 1853)
    1853 - 185.                Jamadar Ahmad Khan Mallezai
                                 (1st time)
    185. - 1858                ....
    Oct 1858 - 25 May 1859     Jamadar Ahmad Khan Mallezai
                                 (2nd time)
    27 Sep 1865 - Mar 1866?    Ghulam Mohammad Chaki
    18.. – Jun 1880            Wazir Sheikh Firoz-ud-din          (d. 1880)
    Jun 1880 – Mar 1881        the Emir
    Mar 1881 – Jan 1882        Muhammad Nawaz Shah
    Jan 1882 - Jan 1883        Muhammad Mahdi Khan
    Jan 1883 - Aug 1883        Vacant
    Aug 1883 - Dec 1888        Mirza Agha Muhammad Khan
    Dec 1888 - Jul 1889        the Council
    Jul 1889 – Mar 1890        Mir Ibrahim Ali (1st time)
    Mar 1890 – 1891            Sheikh Muhammad Nasir-ud-din
                                 (1st time)
    Feb 1892 – Feb 1898        Mir Ibrahim Ali (2nd time)
    Feb 1898 - 1899            Mirza Jindwade Khan
     1899 - Apr 1903            the Council
    1903 - 1907                ....
    c.1904                     Sheikh Muhammad Nasir-ud-din  
                                 (2nd time)
    1907 - 1923                the Council of Regency
    Chief ministers
    Jan 1923 - 1928            Nawab Maula Bakhsh Khan Bahadur    (b. 1862 - d. 1949)
    1928 - 1929                Sir Sikandar Hyat Khan             (b. 1892 - d. 1942)
    1929 - 1942                Nabi Bakhsh Mohammad Hussain
    Prime ministers
    Apr 1942 - 1947            Richard Marsh Crofton              (b. 1891 - d. 1955)
                                 (from 14 Jun 1945, Sir Richard Marsh Crofton) 
    16 Apr 1947 - 1948         Mian Mushtaq Ahmad Gurmani         (b. 1905 - d. 1981)
    1948 - 1952                Arthur John Dring                  (b. 1902 - d. 1991)
    1952 -  2 Nov 1954         Makhdumzada Syed Hasan Mahmud      (b. 1922 - d. 1986)  ML
     2 Nov 1954 - 14 Oct 1955  the Emir

    British Political Agents in Bahawalpur
    1833 - 1838                Frederick Mackeson                 (b. 1807 - d. 1853)
    1838 - 1840                Gordon
    Jul 1840 - 23 Sep 1843     Thomas
    23 Sep 1843 -  3 Dec 1843  Charles Graham
    bf.Apr 1848 - 1855         Pir Ibrahim Khan (native agent)    (d. 1855)
    28 Jun 1848 - 1849         Lake (acting for Khan)
    Nov 1850 - May 1852        Pir Ahmad Khan (acting for Khan)
    1855 - 1865                Pir Abbas Khan (native agent)
    10 Oct 1865 - 1866         Sayyid Murad Shah (native agent)
    1866 - 1879                the British Superintendents
    1879 - 1899                Political agency suppressed
    1899 - 1903                the British Superintendent
    1903 - 1913                the Phulkian States agents
    22 Nov 1913 – 1916?        Charles Alfred Elliott             (s.a.)
    Dec 1916 - 1920            Winter Charles Renouf              (b. 1868 – d. 1954)
     1 Apr 1920 – 1921         A.J. O'Brien                       (b. 1870 – d. 1930)
    Pakistani Chief Advisor
    1953 - 1955                A.R. Khan

    Sind (Sindh)

    1053                       State of as-Sind secedes from Ghaznavid empire.
    1781/82                    The Talpur clan displaces the Kalhora clan as rulers of Sind.
    29 Nov 1834                British protectorate.
    12 Feb 1843                Britain extinguishes the state, its territory being eventually
                                 incorporated into British India and, from 15 Aug 1947, 
                                 into Pakistan.

    Khans (often ruling jointly)
    1783 - 1801                Mir Fath `Ali ibn Sobhdar
    1801 - 1811                Gholam `Ali ibn Sobhdar
    1801 - 1828                Karim `Ali ibn Sobhdar
    1801 - 1833                Morad `Ali ibn Sobhdar
    1833 - 1840                Nur Mohammad ibn Morad `Ali
    1833 - 12 Feb 1843         Nasir Mohammad ibn Morad `Ali      (b. 1805 - d. 1845)
    1833 - 12 Feb 1843         Sobhdar
    1833 - 12 Feb 1843         Mohammad
    1840 - 12 Feb 1843         Shahdad ibn Nur Mohammad
    1840 - 12 Feb 1843         Hosayn `Ali ibn Nur Mohammad
     
    British Resident in Lower Sind and later Upper Sind
    1839 - 1843                James Outram                       (b. 1803 - d. 1863)

    Khayrpur (Khairpur)
     

    [Khairpur c.1860/70 (Princely state, British India)]
    c.1860/70
    [Khairpur to 1955 (Pakistan)]
    to 1955
    Capital: Khayrpur (Khairpur)
    		 Population: 319,543 (1951) 
    		Constitution
    Government of Khairpur
    Act (1949), (1953)    		 Salute: 15 guns
    (increased by Pakistan to 17)

    1786                       Khayrpur State founded by branch of the Talpur clan ruling Sindh.
    1786 - 1813                Under Afghan suzerainty. 
    25 Dec 1838                British protectorate.
         9 Oct 1947                Khayrpur accedes to Pakistan.
    14 Oct 1955                State extinguished, part of West Pakistan (from 1970, Sind).

    Rulers (title Mir)
    1786 - 1811                Sohrab Khan                        (b. 17.. - d. 1832)
    1811 - 20 Dec 1842         Rostam `Ali Khan                   (b. 1758 - d. 1846)
    1829 - 1839                Mobarak `Ali Khan (in rebellion)
    1839 - 18..                Naser Khan (in rebellion)
    20 Dec 1842 -  2 Apr 1894  `Ali Morad Khan                    (b. 1815 - d. 1894)
                                 (from 30 May 1891, Sir `Ali Morad Khan)
     2 Apr 1894 -  5 Mar 1909  Fa´iz Mohammad Khan I              (b. 1837 - d. 1909)
                                 (from 22 Jun 1897, Sir Fa´iz Mohammad Khan I)
     5 Mar 1909 -  8 Feb 1921  Emam Bakhsh Khan                   (b. 1860 - d. 1921)
                                 (from 12 Dec 1911, Sir Emam Bakhsh Khan;
                                 from 1 Jan 1921, personal style Mir Nawwab)
     8 Feb 1921 - 26 Dec 1935  `Ali Nawaz Khan                    (b. 1884 - d. 1935)
                                 (deprived of administration from Jun 1931)
     26 Dec 1935 - 19 Jul 1947  Fa´iz Mohammad Khan II             (b. 1913 - d. 1954)
    19 Jul 1947 - 14 Oct 1955  `Ali Morad Khan                    (b. 1933)
    19 Jul 1947 - 16 Sep 1951  Mir Ghulam Husain Talpur -Regent   (b. 1902 - d. af.1954)
                                 (president of regency council)

    Wazirs (chief ministers)
    c.1833                     Nawab Wali Muhammad Leghari
    c.1834                     Mir Fakhruddin Alavi
    c.1839 - c.1842            Fath Mohamed Khan Ghori
    bf.1892                    Syed Fateh Ali Shah
    18.. - 1892                Utlam Chand
    1892 - 1903                Kadirdad Khan
    1903 - 24 Jan 1907         Sardar Mohammad Yakub Khan         (b. 1858 - d. 1907)
    Jan 1907 - 1912            Shaikh Sadiq Ali
    1912 - 1920                Maulvi Mahomed Ibrahim Khan
                                 Shaikh Ismail
    1920 - 1925                Shaikh Mohamed Kadir
    1925 - 1926                Muhammad Yakub Khan
    Presidents (1931-1942/44, Vice-presidents) of Executive Council
    1927 - 1931                    the Mir
    May 1931 - May 1932        Ivon Hope Taunton                  (b. 1890 - d. 1957)
    May 1932 - Mar 1937        Joseph Maurice Sladen              (b. 1896 - d. 1956)
    13 Mar 1937 - 1947         Syed Ijaz Ali                      (b. c.1880 - d. 1985)
    12 Jul 1947 - 16 Sep 1951  Mir Ghulam Husain Talpur           (s.a.)
    Chief minister
    16 Sep 1951 - 14 Oct 1955  Mumtaz Husain Qizilbash                (b. 1897 - d. 1964)  ML

    Mirpur

    1801                       Mirpur state founded by branch of the Talpur clan.
    12 Feb 1843                Britain extinguishes the state, its territory being eventually 
                                 incorporated into British India and, from 15 Aug 1947, 
                                 into Pakistan.

    Rulers (title Mir)
    1801 - 1829                Tharo Khan ibn Morad `Ali
    1829 - 12 Feb 1843         Shir Mohammad ibn Tharo

    Baluchistan states
      

    Capital: Kalat
    		 Population: 551,978 (1951)

    1839                       Eastern Baluchistan within British sphere of influence;
                                 for Western Baluchistan see under Iran.
     1 Oct 1887                Baluchistan states part of British India (from 1948, Pakistan).
     3 Oct 1952 - 14 Oct 1955  The four Baluchistan states form the Baluchistan States
                                 Union.

    President of the Council of Rulers (Khan-e A`zam)
     3 Oct 1952 - 14 Oct 1955  Sir Ahmad Yar Khan, Wali of Kalat  (b. 1904 - d. 1979)

    Chief minister
    1952 - 16 Jun 1954         Agha Abdul Hamid                   (b. 1912 - d. 1994)

    Kalat

    [Kalat c.1680 - 1955 (Pakistan)]
    c.1680 – 1955
    Map of Kalat Capital: Kalat
    (Khelat)
    		 Population: 334,985 (1951) Constitution
    Government of
    Kalat Act (1947)    		 Salute: 19 guns

    1638                       Kalat State founded.
    1758 - 18..                Under Afghan suzerainty.
    14 May 1854                Under British protection.
    1876                       British protectorate.
    15 Aug 1947                Kalat proclaims independence of Baluchistan, claimed authority
                                 over other Baluchistan states.
    31 Mar 1948                Kalat accedes to Pakistan (invaded by Pakistan on 27 Mar 1948).
     3 Oct 1952                Joins Baluchistan States Union.
    14 Oct 1955                State extinguished, part of West Pakistan (from 1970, Baluchistan).
    20 Jun 1958 -  6 Oct 1958  Ruler of Kalat again in rebellion declares Baluchistan independent.  

    Rulers (titles Wali, Khan; from 1739 Wali, Begler Begi, Khan)
    1695                       Mehrab Khan I
     1695 - 1714                Samander Khan
    1714 - 1734                Abdullah Khan                      (d. 1738)
    1734 - 1749                Muhabat Khan                       (d. 1749)
    1749 - 1794                Hosayn Nasur Khan I                (b. 1717 - d. 1794)
     1794 - 13 Nov 1839         Mahmud Khan I                      (b. 1781 - d. 1839)
    1839 - 1840                Mehrab Khan II                     (b. 1795 - d. 1846) 
    1840 - 1857                Hosayn Nasir Khan II               (b. 1836 - d. 1857)
    1857 - Mar 1863            Khodadad Khan (1st time)           (b. 1844 - d. 1893)
    Mar 1863 - May 1864        Shirdil Khan                       (b. 1846 - d. 1864)
    May 1864 - 15 Aug 1893     Khodadad Khan (2nd time)           (s.a.)
                                 (from 1 Jan 1877, Sir Khodadad Khan)
     10 Nov 1893 -  3 Nov 1931  Mahmud Khan II                     (b. 1864 - d. 1931)
                                 (from 9 Aug 1894, Mahmud Khan II)
      3 Nov 1931 - 10 Sep 1933  Sir Mohammad A`zam Jan Khan        (b. 1876 - d. 1933)
                                 (from 3 Jun 1932, Sir Mohammad A`zam Jan Khan)
     10 Sep 1933 - 14 Oct 1955  Ahmad Yar Khan (1st time)          (b. 1904 - d. 1979)
                                     (from 1 Jan 1936, Sir Ahmad Yar Khan)
     20 Jun 1958 -  6 Oct 1958  Sir Ahmad Yar Khan (2nd time)      (s.a.)
                                 (in dissidence)

    Wazir-e-Azam (chief ministers)
    1933 - 1936                Edmund Wakefield                   (b. 1903 - d. 1969)
    c.1937                     Sahibzada Mohammad Kurshid         (b. 1901 - d. ....)
    c.1938                     Sardar Mohammad Nawaz Khan
    c.1939                     Sharbat Khan Afridi
    1940 - 1944                Louis Alexander Pinhey             (b. 1901 - d. 1988)
    1944 - Aug 1947            Mohammad Aslam Khan                (b. c.1923 - d. 2014)
    Chief ministers
    Aug 1947 - Apr 1948        Mohammad Aslam Khan                (s.a.)
    Apr 1948 - Jul 1948        Douglas Yates Fell                 (b. 1910 - d. 1982)
    Jul 1948 - Mar 1951        Mohammad Zarif Khan
    Mar 1951 - 1952            Agha Abdul Hamid                   (b. 1912 - d. 1994)

    British Political Agents in Kalat
    1839 - 1840                William Loveday                    (b. 1809? - d. 1840)
    1840 - 1856                Vacant
    1856                       Henry Green (1st time)             (b. 1823 - d. 1912)
    1856 - Nov 1857            Macaulay
    Nov 1857 - 1860            Sir Henry Green (2nd time)         (s.a.)
    1861 - 1862                Dickenson
    May 1862 - Feb 1867        Malcolm Green
    1869 - Mar 1873            Harrison
    1873 - 1877                Vacant
    21 Feb 1877 - 14 May 1877  O.T. Duke (1st time)
    15 May 1877 - 18 Dec 1877  H. Wylie
    19 Dec 1877 – Dec 1884     O.T. Duke (2nd time)
    22 Dec 1884 -  9 May 1885  T. Hope
     9 May 1885 – 30 Apr 1887  Arthur Henry Temple Martindale     (b. 1854 - d. 1942)
                                 (1st time)
     6 May 1887 – 29 Nov 1887  Lindsay Sherwood Newmarch          (b. 1857 - d. 1930)
    29 Nov 1887 – 20 Mar 1895  Arthur Henry Temple Martindale     (s.a.)
                                 (2nd time)
    21 Mar 1895 –  2 Apr 1895  Philip Trevor Augustine Spence
     2 Apr 1895 – 22 Nov 1896  E. Le Mesurier (1st time)
    22 Nov 1896 – 24 Dec 1896  Robert Arthur Edward Benn          (b. 1867 - d. 1940)
    24 Dec 1896 –  1 Mar 1897  E. Le Mesurier (2nd time)
     7 Apr 1897 – 25 Nov 1900  Stuart George Knox                 (b. 1869 - d. 1956)
    25 Nov 1900 – 28 Dec 1900  Khan Bahadur Kazi Jalaluddin Khan  (b. 1890 – d. 1958)
                                 (1st time)
    29 Dec 1900 - 26 Sep 1902  Herbert Lionel Showers (1st time)  (b. 1861 - d. 1916)
    27 Sep 1902 - 26 Oct 1902  Khan Bahadur Kazi Jalaluddin Khan  (s.a.)
                                 (2nd time)
    27 Oct 1902 -  3 Oct 1904  Herbert Lionel Showers (2nd time)  (s.a.)
     4 Oct 1904 - 16 Nov 1904  A.B. Drummond
    17 Nov 1904 -  3 Apr 1905  Allen McConaghey 
     4 Apr 1905 - Jul 1906     Herbert Lionel Showers (3rd time)  (s.a.)
    Jul 1906 - Aug 1912        Robert Arthur Edward Benn          (b. 1876 - d. 1940)
    27 Feb 1907 – 11 Mar 1907  Henry Rundle Lawrence              (d. 1949)
                                 (acting for Benn)   
    29 Oct 1910 – 20 Dec 1910  Edmond Henry Salt James            (b. 1874 - d. 1952)
                                 (acting for Benn)   
    Aug 1912 - Nov 1916        Armine Brereton Dew                (b. 1867 - d. 1941)
    Nov 1916 - Feb 1918        Thomas Guy Marriott Harris         (b. 1882 - d. 1955)
         5 Dec 1917 – 18 Dec 1917  Claude Henry Gidney                (b. 1887 - d. 1968)
                                 (acting for Harris)   
    13 Feb 1918 - May 1920     Arthur Dennys Gilbert Ramsay       (b. 1872 - d. 1939)
    27 Aug 1919 - 14 Oct 1919  James Glasgow Acheson              (b. 1889 - d. 1973)
                                 (acting for Ramsay)
    11 Nov 1919 - 31 Dec 1919  James Glasgow Acheson              (s.a.)
                                 (acting for Ramsay)
     1 Jan 1920 – 19 Mar 1920  William Gordon Hutchinson          (b. 1876 - d. 19..)
    Mar 1920 - Nov 1922        Arthur Leslie Jacob                (b. 1870 - d. 1944)
         8 Nov 1922 - Jul 1927     Terence Humphrey Keyes (1st time)  (b. 1877 - d. 1939)
         1 Jul 1925 – 20 Jul 1925  Herbert John Todd                  (b. 1893 - d. 1985)
                                 (acting for Keyes)
     6 Aug 1925 – 23 Aug 1925      Herbert John Todd                  (s.a.)
                                     (acting for Keyes)
    11 Nov 1925 –  1 Jul 1926      Herbert John Todd                  (s.a.)
                                 (acting for Keyes)
    12 Jul 1927 – 31 Oct 1927  Conrad Laurence Corfield               (b. 1893 - d. 1980)
         1 Nov 1927 – 11 Mar 1928  Terence Humphrey Keyes (2nd time)  (s.a.)
    12 Mar 1928 –  1 Jun 1929  John Aloysius Brett                (b. 1879 - d. 1955)
    24 Feb 1929 – 24 Mar 1929  Dudley Gordon Heriot de la Fargue  (b. 1897 - d. 1960)
                                 (acting for Brett)
     2 Jun 1929 –  7 Aug 1929  Henry Mortimer Poulton (1st time)  (b. 1898 - d. 1973)
     8 Aug 1929 – 25 Sep 1929  Robert Richardson Burnett          (b. 1897 - d. 1975)
    21 Nov 1929 - Nov 1931     Charles Terence C. Plow    den         (b. 1883 - d. 1956)
         6 Mar 1932 – 20 Mar 1932  Henry Mortimer Poulton (2nd time)  (s.a.)
    21 Mar 1932 – 23 Mar 1934  Clarmont Percival Skrine (1st time)(b. 1888 - d. 1974)
    23 Apr 1934 -  8 Dec 1934  Giles Frederick Squire             (b. 1894 - d. 1958)
     9 Dec 1934 – 22 Jun 1935      Clarmont Percival Skrine (2nd time)(s.a.)  
    22 Jun 1935 -  5 Feb 1937  Hugh Weightman                     (b. 1898 - d. 1949)
         5 Feb 1937 -  7 Apr 1938  Everard Huddlestone Gastrell       (b. 1896 - d. 1980)
         8 Apr 1938 -  4 Apr 1940  Cosmo Grant Niven Edwards          (b. 1896 - d. 1964)
         5 Apr 1940 - Oct 1941     Carleton Stuart Searle             (b. 1895 - d. 1980)
         9 Oct 1941 - Oct 1944     Arthur John Hopkinson              (b. 1894 - d. 1953)
    Oct 1944 - Sep 1945        Richard Kenneth Maitland Saker     (b. 1908 - d. 1991)
    29 Sep 1945 - 14 Aug 1947  Tom Hickinbotham                   (b. 1903 - d. 1983)

    Las Bela

    [Las Bela (Princely state, British India)]

    Capital: Bela
    		 Population: 75,769 (1951) Salute: None

    1333                       Las Bela State founded.
    1742                       Las Bela State re-founded.
    1876                       British protectorate.
    17 Mar 1948                Las Bela accedes to Pakistan.
     3 Oct 1952                Joins Baluchistan States Union.
    14 Oct 1955                State extinguished, part of West Pakistan (from 1970, Baluchistan). 

    Rulers (title Jam Saheb)
    .... - 1742                Izzat Khan I
    1742                       Bibi Chaguli (f)
    1742 - 1765                `Ali Khan I
    1765 - 1776                Gholam Shah
    1776 - 1818                Mir Khan I
    1818 - 1830                `Ali Khan II
    1830 - 1869                Mir Khan II (1st time)             (d. 1888)
    1869 - 1886                `Ali Khan III (1st time)           (b. 1849 - d. 1896) 
    1886 - 1888                Mir Khan II (2nd time)             (s.a.)
    21 Jan 1888 - 14 Jan 1896  `Ali Khan III (2nd time)           (s.a.)
                                 (from 2 Jan 1893, Sir `Ali Khan III)
    14 Jan 1896 - Mar 1921     Kamal Khan                         (b. 1874 - d. 1921) 
    Mar 1921 -  5 Nov 1937     Gholam Mohammad Khan               (b. 1895 - d. 1937)
     5 Nov 1937 - 14 Oct 1955  Gholam Qader Khan                  (b. 1920 - d. 1988)
    1937 – 21 Mar 1939         Sheikh Nabi Bakhsh Khan -Regent
                                 (Wazir, chairman of Advisory Council)

    Makran

    [Makran (Princely state, British India)]

    Capital: Turbat
    		 Population: 86,651 (1951) Salute: None

    1725                       Makran established as a vassal state of Kalat.
    1917 - 1922                No rulers.
    17 Mar 1948                Makran ceases being a sub-state (vassal) of Kalat
                                 and accedes to Pakistan.
     3 Oct 1952                Joins Baluchistan States Union.
    14 Oct 1955                State extinguished, part of West Pakistan (from 1970, Baluchistan).

    Ruler (title Nazem)
    1725 - 1730                Harun Makrani Khan
    1730 - 1731                Muhabat Khan (1st time)            (d. 1751)
    1731 - 1739                Mohammad Khan I
    1739 - 1740                Isa Khan
    1740 - 1750                Nasir Khan
    1750 - 1751                Muhabat Khan (2nd time)            (s.a.)
    1751 - 1816                Mahmud Khan I
    1816 - 1839                Mehrab Khan
    1839 - ....                Mihran Khan
    .... - ....                Hajjaz Khan
    .... - 1905                Mohammad Khan II
    1905 - 1917                Mehr Allah Mahmud Khan II
    1917 - 1922                Vacant
    Rulers (title Nawwab)
    1922 - Mar 1948            A`zam Jan
    Mar 1948 - 14 Oct 1955     Bai Khan Gichki                    (b. 1890 - d. af.1958)

    Kharan

    [Kharan (Princely state, British India)]

    Capital: Kharan
    		 Population:  54,573 (1951) Salute: None

    bf.1697                    Kharan established 
    1884                       Vassal state of Kalat.
    1940                       Kharan ceases being a sub-state (vassal) of Kalat.
    19 Aug 1947                Kharan declares independence from Kalat.
    17 Mar 1948                Kharan accedes to Pakistan.
     3 Oct 1952                Joins Baluchistan States Union.
    14 Oct 1955                State extinguished, part of West Pakistan (from 1970, Baluchistan).

    Rulers (title Mir; 1 Jan 1919-1920, Sardar Bahador; from 5 Jun 1920, Sardar Bahador Nawwab)
    .... - ....                Dosten Khan II
    .... - ....                Shahdad Khan I
    .... - 1711                Rahmat Khan                        (d. 1711)
    1711 - 1759                Purdil Khan
    1759 - 1764                Shahdad Khan II
    1764 - 1796                `Abbas Khan II
    1796 - 1804                Jahangir     Khan                      (d. 1806) 
    1804 - 1835                `Abbas Khan III                    (d. 1835)
    1835 - 1886                Azad Khan                          (b. 1794 - d. 1886)
    1886 - Jun 1909            Nowruz Khan                        (b. 1855 - d. 1909)
                                     (from 24 May 1888, Sir Nowruz Khan)
    1909 - 19 Apr 1911         Mohammad Ya`qub Khan               (b. 1873 - d. 1911)
    1911                       Amir Khan (usurper)                (b. 1896 - d. 19..)
    1911 - 14 Oct 1955         Habibullah Khan                    (b. 1897 - d. 1958)
    1911 - 19..                Shahgassi Mouladad Khan -Superintendent

    Frontier states

    British Political Agents in South Waziristan (at Wana)
    1895 - 1898                A.J. Grant 
    1898                       A.W. Mercer 
    Jan 1899 – bf.Oct 1900     Hubert Digby Watson                (b. 1869 - d. 1947)
    1900 - 1901                Stuart Shakspear Waterfield        (b. 1864 - d. 1936)     
    Nov 1901 – 1903            Frederick William Johnston         (b. 1872 - d. 1947)
    1903 - 1904                John Bellasis Bowring              (b. 1872 - d. 1904) 
    1905                       Evelyn Berkeley Howell             (b. 1877 - d. 1971)
    1905 - 1908                Leslie Crump
     6 Dec 1908 – 10 Oct 1909  Stewart Blakely Agnew Patterson    (b. 1872 - d. 1942)
    10 Oct 1909 – 30 May 1910  Edmund Henry Salt James            (b. 1874 - d. 1952)
    1910 - 13 Apr 1914         George Dodd                        (b. 1872? - d. 1914)
    25 Apr 1914 –  2 May 1916  Theodore Benfey Copeland           (b. 1879 - d. 1952)
     2 May 1916 -  5 Apr 1919  James Alexander Ossory Fitzpatrick (b. 1879 - d. 1937)
                                 (1st time)
     6 Apr 1919 –  1 May 1920  Charles Gilbert Crosthwaite        (b. 1878 - d. 1940)
     1 May 1920 - 29 May 1920  James Alexander Ossory Fitzpatrick (s.a.)
                                 (2nd time)
    29 May 1920 - 30 Aug 1921  ....
    30 Aug 1921 – 17 Mar 1923  Arthur Edward Broadbent Parsons    (b. 1884 - d. 1966)
    18 Mar 1923 –  9 Oct 1924  John William Thomson-Glover        (b. 1887 - d. 1943)
    10 Oct 1924 –  2 Apr 1925  William Rupert Hay (1st time)      (b. 1893 - d. 1962)
    1925                       K.B. Maulvi Ahmad Din 
    18 Nov 1925 – 21 Apr 1928  William Rupert Hay (2nd time)      (s.a.)
    21 Apr 1928 – 20 Oct 1930  Claude Edward Urquhart Bremner     (b. 1891 - d. 1965)
    21 Oct 1930 - 1934         Harry Hall Johnson                 (b. 1892 - d. 1973)
     1 Oct 1934 – Mar 1937     Humphrey Aston Barnes (1st time)   (b. 1900 - d. 1940)
    28 Mar 1937 - 1938         Abdur Rahim (1st time)
    Feb 1938 - Oct 1938        Humphrey Aston Barnes (2nd time)   (s.a.)
     8 Nov 1938 - 1940         Abdur Rahim (2nd time)
     1 Oct 1940 - 1942         Arthur John Dring                  (b. 1902 - d. 1991)
    30 Dec 1942 - 1943         Charles Beresford Duke             (b. 1905 - d. 1978)
    1943                       Patrick Thomas Duncan              (b. 1916 - d. 1947)
    11 Dec 1943 - 1946         Gerald Colville Seymour Curtis     (b. 1904 - d. ....) 
    Apr 1946 - 25 Sep 1946     John Ommanney Stewart Donald       (b. 1905 – d. 1946)
    1946                       Robert Vivian Eric Hodson          (b. 1914)
    1946 - 14 Aug 1947         William Geoffrey Raw               (b. 1910)

    Amb (Tanawal)

    [flag of Tanawal State, commonly known as Amb]

    Capital: Darband
    (Summer capital: Shergarh)
    		 Population: 48,656 (1951) Salute: None

    ....                       Tanawal State (Mulk e Tanawal), commonly known as Amb, founded.
    1889                       British protectorate.
    31 Dec 1947                Amb accedes to Pakistan( from 15 Oct 1955, as "special area').
    28 Jul 1969                Incorporated into Pakistan, part of West Pakistan (from 1970,
                                 North-West Frontier Province).

    Rulers (title Mir; from 1868, Nawwab [hereditary from Jan 1919]; from 1921 Nawwab Bahador)
    1800 - 1803                Haibat Khan                        (d. c.1803)
    1803 - 1805                Hashim Ali Khan                    (d. 1805)
    1805 - 1818                Nuab Khan                          (d. 1818)
    1818 - 1843                Painda Khan                        (d. 1843)
    1843 -  6 Nov 1858         Jahandad Khan                      (d. 1858)
    1858 - Jan 1907            Mohammad Akram Khan                (b. 1849 - d. 1907)
                                 (from 1868, personal style Nawwab Bahador) 
                                     (from 1 Jan 1889, Sir Mohammad Akram Khan)  
    1907 - 26 Feb 1936         Mohammad Khan-i-Zaman Khan         (b. 1877 - d. 1936)
                                         (from 3 Jun 1921, Sir Mohammad Khan-i-Zaman Khan)
    26 Feb 1936 - 28 Jul 1969  Mohammad Farid Khan                (b. 1893 - d. 1977)
                                     (from 1 Jan 1946, Sir Mohammad Farid Khan)

    Chitral

    [Chitral state (Pakistan)]

    Capital: Chitral
    		 Population: 107,906 (1951) Salute: 11 guns

    c.1585                     Chitral State re-founded by Katur dynasty.
    1634 - 1712                Feudatory to Badakhshan (see under Afghanistan). 
     1877 - 1911                Tributary of Jammu and Kashmir.
    1889                       British protectorate.
         6 Nov 1947                Chitral accedes to Pakistan (from 15 Oct 1955, as "special area").
    28 Jul 1969                Incorporated into Pakistan, part of West Pakistan (from 1970,
                                 North-West Frontier Province).

    Rulers (title Mihtar) 
    .... - 1700                Ghulam M    ohammad Beg
    1700 - 17..                Shah Alam
    17.. - 17..                M    ohammad Shafi
    17.. - 1755                Interregnum
    1755 - 1770                Faramurz Shah                      (d. 1790)
    1770 - 1775                Shah Afzal I
    1775 - 1778                Shah Fazil (Fadl)
    1778 - 1788                    Mohammad Mohtaram Shah II          (d. 1841)
                                 (1st time) 
    1788 - 1798                Shah Nawaz Khan (1st time?)
    1798 - 1817                Shah K    hairullah Kushqte            (d. c.1818)
    1817 - 1833                Shah Nawaz Khan (2nd time?)
    1833 - 1837                M    ohammad Mohtaram Shah II          (s.a.)
                                 (2nd time) 
    1837 - 1853                Shah M    ohammad Afzal II             (d. 1853)
    1853 - 1858                    Mohammad Mohtaram Shah III         (d. 1858)
    1858 - 30 Aug 1892         Shah Mohammad Aman al-Molk II      (b. 1820 - d. 1892)
    30 Aug 1892 -  1 Dec 1892  Mohammad Afzal al-Molk             (b. 1875 - d. 1892)
     1 Dec 1892 - 12 Dec 1892  Shir Afzal Khan                    (b. 1873 - d. 1895)
    12 Dec 1892 -  1 Jan 1895  Mohammad Nizam al-Molk             (b. 1874 - d. 1895)
     1 Jan 1895 -  1 May 1895  Mohammad Amin al-Molk              (b. 1878 - d. 1924)
     1 May 1895 - 13 Oct 1936  Mohammad Shoja` al-Molk            (b. 1882 - d. 1936)
                                     (from 1 Jan 1919, Sir Mohammad Shoja` al-Molk)
    13 Oct 1936 - 29 Jun 1943  Mohammad Naser al-Molk             (b. 1897 - d. 1943)
                                     (from 1 Jan 1941, Sir Mohammad Naser al-Molk)
    29 Jun 1943 -  7 Jan 1949  Mohammad Mozaffar al-Molk          (b. 1901 - d. 1949)
     7 Jan 1949 - 14 Oct 1954  Sayf ar-Rahman                     (b. 1926 - d. 1954)
    14 Oct 1954 - 28 Jul 1969  Mohammad Naser Sayf al-Molk        (b. 1950 - d. 2011)
    14 Oct 1954 - May 1966     Shahzada Asad ar-Rahman -Regent    (b. 1928 - d. 2005)

    Dir (Dhir)

    [Dir state (Pakistan)]

    Capital: Dir (Dhir)
    		 Population: 148,648  (1951) Salute: None

    ....                       Dir (Dhir) State founded.
    1890 - 1895                Occupied by `Omara Khan of Jandol (Jandul).
    1895                       British protectorate.
     8 Nov 1947                Dir accedes to Pakistan (from 15 Oct 1955, as "special area").
    28 Jul 1969                Incorporated into Pakistan, part of West Pakistan (from 1970,
                                 North-West Frontier Province).

    Rulers (title Khan; from Jul 1897, Nawwab [a personal until
    becoming hereditary Jul 1918])
    .... - ....                Akhund Baba (= Mulla Illas Khan)
    18.. - 18..                Gholam Khan Baba
    18.. - 18..                Zafar Khan
    18.. - 1863                Qasem Khan
    1863 - 1874                Ghazzan Khan
    1875 - 1886                Rahmat Allah Khan                   (d. 1925)
    1886 - 1890                Mohammad Sharif Khan (1st time)     (b. c.1848 - d. 1904)
    1890 - 1895                Mohammad `Omara Khan                (b. 1850 - d. 1903)
    1895 -  8 Dec 1904         Mohammad Sharif Khan (2nd time)     (s.a.)
    Dec 1904 - Jul 1913        Awrangzeb Badshah Khan (1st time)   (b. 1877 - d. 1925)
    Jul 1913 - Jun 1914        Miangul Jan Khan                    (d. 1914)
    Jun 1914 -  4 Feb 1925     Awrangzeb Badshah Khan (2nd time)   (s.a.)
     4     Feb 1925 -  9 Nov 1960  Mohammad Shah Jahan Khan            (b. 1895 - d. 1968)
                                     (from 3 Jun 1933, Sir Mohammad Shah Jahan Khan)
     9 Nov 1960 - 28 Jul 1969  Mohammad Shah Khosru Khan           (b. 1936)

    Jandol (Jandul)

    Capital: Barwa
    		 Population: N/A

    c.1830                     Jandol (Jandul) state founded.
    1890 - 1895                Jandol occupies Dir.
    1898                       Annexed to Dir.

    Rulers (title Khan)
    c.1830 – 1879              Mohammad Aman Khan
    1879 – 1881                Mohammad Zaman Khan                (d. 1881)
    1881 – 1898                Mohammad `Omara Khan               (b. 1850 - d. 1903)

    Phulra (Phulrah)

    Capital: Phulra
    		 Population: 8,709 (1951) Salute: None

    1828                       Phulra (Phulrah, Pulera) estate created when the ruler of
                                 Amb grants the area to his brother.
     1889                       British protectorate.
    1919                           Phulra estate recognized as a state.
     Dec 1947                   Phulra accedes to Pakistan.
     Sep 1950                   Incorporated into Pakistan, part of North-West Frontier Province.

    Rulers (title Nawwab)
     1828 - 1857                Madad Khan 
    1858 - 1890                Abdullah Khan
     1890 - 1908                Abdur Rahman Khan
     1908 - 1932                `Ata Mohammad Khan                 (b. 1879 - d. 1932)
     1932 - Sep 1950            `Abd al-Latif Khan                 (b. 1907 - d. 1950)

    Swat

    [Swat (Pakistan)]

    Capital: Saidu Sharif
    		 Population: 446,014 (1951) Salute: 15 guns
    (granted by Pakistan)

    Note: Swat had been ruled sporadically by religious leaders (Akhonds). The "secular" state was established 1849 and was in abeyance 1863-1914.

    1849                       Swat "secular" state founded.
    1863 - 28 Apr 1914         State in abeyance. 
     3 May 1926                Recognized as a fully-fledged princely state.
    24 Nov 1947                Swat accedes to Pakistan (from 15 Oct 1955, as "special area").
     28 Jul 1969                State extinguished, part of West Pakistan (from 1970, North-West
                                 Frontier Province).

    Rulers (title Amir-e Shariyat; from Nov 1918, Badshah Saheb; from 3 May 1926, Wali)
    1849 -  1 May 1857         Sayyed Akbar Shah                  (b. 1793 - d. 1857)
     1 May 1857 - 1863         Sayyed Mubarak Shah Sahib
    1863 - 28 Apr 1914         Interregnum
    28 Apr 1914 - Sep 1917     Sayyed `Abd al-Jabbar Khan         (b. c.1878 - d. 1925)
    Sep 1917 - 12 Dec 1949     Miyangol Golshahzada `Abd al-Wadud (b. 1882 - d. 1971)
                                 (from 1 Jan 1930, Miyangol Golshahzada Sir `Abd al-Wadud)
    12 Dec 1949 - 28 Jul 1969  Miyangol `Abd al-Haqq Jahanzib     (b. 1908 - d. 1987)


    British Political Agents for North-West Frontier States
    (Malakand agency or Dir-Swat-Chitral agency)(in Malakand)
    1895 - 189.                Harold Arthur Deane                (b. 1854 - d. 1908)
    1899 - 1901                Arthur Henry McMahon               (b. 1862 - d. 1944)
    1901 - 1910                ....
    1910 - 1911                William Peel Barton                (b. 1871 - d. 1956)
    1911 - 1931                ....
    1931 - 1933                William Rupert Hay                 (b. 1893 - d. 1962)
    1933 - 1937                ....
    1937 - 1940                Evelyn Hey Cobb                    (b. 1899 - d. 1972)
    c.1945                     Mohammad Aslam Khan
    c.1947                     Nawab Sheikh Mahbub Ali Khan

    Kashmir states

    Baltistan

    12..                       sBal-ti (a Western Tibetan kingdom) founded (from the 16th cent.
                                 also known as Skardu after the capital).
    1220 - 1840                Under the Maqpon (rMakpon) dynasty.
    May 1840                   Baltistan becomes subject to Punjab, later Jammu and Kashmir.
    1851                       Fully incorporated into Jammu and Kashmir.
    14 Aug 1948                Occupied by Gilgit irregulars; later part of Gilgit-Baltistan.
     

    Kings (title rGyal-po)
    1595 - 1625/30             `Ali Sher Khan
    c.1630                     Ahmad Khan
    163. - 1636                Abdal Khan
    1636 - 1655                Adam Khan
    1655 - af.1663             Murad Khan
    c.1670                     Sher Khan (1st time)
    bf.1674                    Muhammad Rafi Khan (1st time)
    c.1674 - 1678/79           Sher Khan (2nd time)
    c.1679                     Muhammad Rafi Khan (2nd time)
    1680 - 1710                Shir Khan
    1710 - 1745                Mohammad Rafi
     1745 - 1780                Sultan Murad II
     1780 - 1785                `Azam Khan
     1785 - 1787                Mohammad Zafar Khan
     1787 - 1800                `Ali Shir Khan II                   (d. 1800)
     1800 - 1841                Ahmed Shah                          (d. 1841)
    1841 - c.1850              Mahmud Shah                         (d. c.1850)

    Gilgit

    [Islamic Republic of Gilgit, 1947 (Pakistan)]
    1 Nov 1947 – 16 Nov 1947

    ....                       Gilgit state established in remote (legendary) antiquity.
    1842 - 1847                Occupied by Sikhs (Punjab).
    1848                       Gilgit becomes annexed to Jammu and Kashmir.
    1852 - 1860                Occupied by Chitral.
    1935 -  1 Aug 1947         Leased by the State of Jammu and Kashmir to the British India,
                                 administered by the British Agent in the name of Jammu and
                                 Kashmir; the extension of the British authority over areas of
                                 Gilgit Agency, namely states of Hunza and Nagar, five frontier
                                 sub-districts (including Punial and Yasin under semi-hereditary
                                 governors), and un-administered tribal areas of Darel and Tangir,
                                 confirmed.
     1 Nov 1947                    Jammu and Kashmir authority overthrown and the Islamic Republic
                                 of Gilgit is proclaimed     (claiming the area of Gilgit, former
                                 Gilgit Agency, Baltistan, Kargil, and Ladakh    ), with the aim
                                 of joining Pakistan.
     16 Nov 1947                Pakistan takes possession, the area designated as the Gilgit
                                 Agency (see under Gilgit-Baltistan).

    Rulers (title Ra)
    17.. - 1800                Shah Goritham                      (d. 1800)
    1800 - 1802                Sulaiman Shah of Yasin (1st time)  (d. 1826)
    1802 - 1822                Mohammad Khan I                        (d. c.1826)
     1822 - 1825                Abbas Khan                         (d. c.1826)
    1825 - 1826                Sulaiman Shah of Yasin (2nd time)  (s.a.)
    1826 - 1838                Malika Sahibnuma (f)               (b. c.1800 - d. 1838)
    1826 - 1827                Azad (Izzat) Khan of Punial -Regent(d. 1827)
    1827 - 1837                    Tahir Khan of Nagar -Regent        (d. 1837)
    1837 - 1840                Eskandar Khan (regent to 1838)     (d. 1840)
                                 (also in Nagar)
    1840 - 1842                    Gohar Aman Shah of Yasin           (b. c.1809 - d. 1860)
    1842 - 1844                Karim Khan     (also in Nagar)         (d. 1844)
    1844 - 1847                Mohammad Khan II                   (b. c.1827 - d. 1859)
    1847 - 1848                Malik Aman Shah of Yasin           (d. af.1862)
    President of the Provisional Government
     1 Nov 1947 - 16 Nov 1947      Shah Rais Khan                     (b. 1885 - d. 1974)


    British Political Agents for Gilgit
    1878 - 1881                J    ohn Biddulph                      (b. 1840 - d. 1922)
    1881 - 1889                agency closed
    17 Jul 1889 -  1 Nov 1893  Algernon George Arnold Durand      (b. 1854 - d. 1923)
     2 Nov 1893 - 26 Jan 1894  Andrew Murison McCrae Bruce        (b. 1842 - d. 1920) 
                                 (acting)     
    27 Jan 1894 - 28 Sep 1896  George Scott Robertson             (b. 1852 - d. 1916)
    29 Jul 1896 - 13 Aug 1897  Stuart Hill Godfrey                (b. 1861 - d. 1941)
    14 Aug 1897 - 30 Sep 1898  Arthur Henry MacMahon              (b. 1862 - d. 1949)
     1 Oct 1898 - 21 Oct 1901  John Manners Smith                 (b. 1864 - d. 1920)
    22 Oct 1901 - 18 Oct 1903  William Hall Mackintosh Stewart
    19 Oct 1903 -  4 Oct 1906  Bertrand Evelyn Mellish            (b. 1867 - d. 1949)
                                 Gurdon
    15 Oct 1906 - Apr 1908     Arthur Francis Bruce               (b. 1863 - d. 1908)
    30 Apr 1908 - Oct 1908     Archibald Duncan Macpherson        (b. 1872 - d. 1928)
                                 (1st time) (acting)
    28 Oct 1908 - 29 May 1911  Armine Brereton Dew                (b. 1867 - d. 1941)
    30 May 1911 - 12 Oct 1916  Archibald Duncan Macpherson        (s.a.)
                                 (2nd time)
    27 Nov 1911 – 14 Feb 1912  Clendon Turberville Daukes         (b. 1879 - d. 1947)
                                 (acting for     Macpherson)
    13 Oct 1916 - 20 May 1917  Edmond Henry Salt James            (b. 1874 - d. 1952)
    21 May 1917 - 22 Sep 1920  Charles Aitchison Smith            (b. 1871 - d. 1940)
    23 Sep 1920 - 20 Sep 1924  David Lockhart Robertson Lorimer   (b. 1870 - d. 1962)
    21 Sep 1924 - 10 Oct 1927  Gordon Dalyell                     (b. 1890 - d. 1953)
    11 Oct 1927 - 28 Sep 1931  Herbert John Todd                  (b. 1893 - d. 1985)
    29 Sep 1931 - 21 Sep 1934  George Van Baerle Gillan           (b. 1890 - d. 1974)
    22 Sep 1934 -  4 Oct 1937  George Kirkbride                   (b. 1894 - d. 1966)
     5 Oct 1937 - 13 Jun 1939  Ian William Galbraith              (b. 1899 - d. 1939)
    14 Jun 1939 -  2 Oct 1939  Richmond Keith Molesworth Battye   (b. 1905 - d. 1958)
                                 (acting)
     3 Oct 1939 -  8 Jul 1942  Gerald Charles Lawrence Crichton   (b. 1900 - d. 1969)
     8 Jul 1942 -  5 Sep 1945  Evelyn Hey Cobb                    (b. 1899 - d. 1972)
     5 Sep 1945 - 31 Jul 1947  Roger Noel Bacon                   (b. 1900 - d. ....)
    Governor     (for the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir)
     1 Aug 1947 -  1 Nov 1947  Ghansar Singh Jamwal               (b. 1895 - d. 1991)

    Hunza

    [Hunza (Pakistan)]

    Capital: Karimabad
    (    Baltit 1710-1960;
    Altit 1560-1710)
    		 Population: 15,341 (1941) Salute: None

    12..                       Hunza State founded.
    1877 - 1947                Under suzerainty (sub-state) of Jammu and Kashmir (tributary
                                 already from 1869).
    1889                       British protectorate.
     3 Nov 1947                Hunza     declares its accession to Pakistan.
    25 Sep 1974                State extinguished, part of Northern Areas (modern
                                 Gilgit-Baltistan). 

    Rulers (title Mir Tham)
    15.. - ....                Hyder Khan
    .... - ....                Yusuf Khan
    .... - ....                Malik Thum
    .... - ....                Mirza Thum I
    .... - ....                Salim Khan I
    .... - ....                Shah Sultan Khan
    .... - 1710                Hari Thum Khan
    1710 - 1740                Shahbaz Khan
    1740 - 17..                Shah Khan II
    17.. - 17..                Ghulam Nasir Khan
    17.. - 1750                Shahbeg Khan
    1750 - 1780                Shah Khisro Khan
    1780 - 1790                Mirza Khan II 
    1790 - 1825                Salim Khan II                      (d. 1825)
    1825 - 1864                Ghazanfar `Ali Khan                (d. 1864)
    1864 - 1886                Mohammad Ghazan Khan I             (d. 1886)
    1886 - 15 Sep 1892         Safdar `Ali Khan                   (b. 1865 - d. 1931)
    15 Sep 1892 - 22 Jul 1938  Mohammad Nazim Khan                (b. 1861 - d. 1938)
                                     (from 3 Jun 1921, Sir Mohammad Nazim Khan)
    22 Jul 1938 - Apr 1945     Mohammad Ghazan Khan II            (b. 1895 - d. 1945)
    Apr 1945 - 25 Sep 1974     Mohammad Jamal Khan                (b. 1910 - d. 1976)

    Nagar (Nagir)

    Capital: Nagar (Nagir)
    		 Population: 14,874 (1941) Salute: None

    13..                       Nagar (Nagir) state founded.
    1877 - 1947                Under suzerainty (sub-state) of Jammu and Kashmir (tributary
                                 already from 1868).
    1889                       British protectorate.
    19 Nov     1947                Nagar declares its accession to Pakistan.
    25 Sep 1974                State extinguished, part of Northern Areas (modern
                                 Gilgit-Baltistan).

    Rulers (title Mir Tham)
    c.1660                     Fadl Khan 
    c.1690                     Da`ud Khan 
    c.1700                     `Ali Dad Khan (1st time) 
    c.1700                     Hari Tham Khan
    17.. - 17..                `Ali Dad Khan (2nd time)
    af.1750                    Kamal Khan 
    c.1780 - 18..              Rahim Khan I 
    bf.1809 - 1825             Ozor Khan I                        (d. 1825)
    bf.1827 - 1837             Tahir Khan                         (d. 1837)
    1837                       Rahim Khan II                      (d. 1837)
    1837 - 1840                Eskandar Khan I                    (d. 1840)
                                 (also in Gilgit)
    1840 - 1844                Karim Khan                         (d. 1844)
                                 (also in Gilgit)
    1844 - 1891                Ja`far Zahed Khan (1st time)       (b. 18.. - d. 1904)
    1886 - 1892                Ozor Khan II                       (d. 1922)
                                 (jointly with above to 1891)
    22 Sep 1892 - 1904         Ja`far Zahed Khan (2nd time)       (s.a.)
    1904 - 17 Mar 1940         Eskandar Khan II                   (b. 1871 - d. 1940) 
                                     (from 1 Jan 1923, Sir Eskandar Khan II)
    17 Mar 1940 - 25 Sep 1974  Showkat `Ali Khan                  (b. 1920 - d. 2003)

    © Ben Cahoon

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