Category: DR PATHAN-ARTICLES

  • سنڌ جا ڪي اداڪار

    سنڌ جا ڪي اداڪار

    ] نوٽ: هيءَ 34 سال اڳ جي ڳالهه آهي، جڏهن مون ڊاڪٽر ڄيٺي لالواڻيءَ کي هيءُ خط لکيو هو. ان جي ڪاپي ته مون وٽ ڪا نه هئي، پر انڊيا جي ڊاڪٽر روشن جي مهرباني، جنهن اهو خط What’up ذريعي ڪن دوستن سان شيئر ڪيو ۽ مون کي به ان جو عڪس ڏياري موڪليو، جنهن کي ڪمپوز ڪري دوستن سان ونڊي رهيو آهيان. هيءُ خط 1982 ۾ لکيو هئم ۽ ان ۾ جيڪا معلومات ڏني اٿم، اها 1982 تائين سمجهي وڃي. ڊاڪٽر در محمد پٺاڻ[

    ڪراچي

    15.01.1982

    پريتم ڀاءُ لالواڻي

                اوهان جو خط پهتو. مهرباني. خط کي جڏهن ٻاهران ڏٺم ته سائين گنگارام سمراٽ جا هٿ اکر نظر آيا. سوچيم ته سندس ناراضپو جهڪو ٿيو آهي، جو خط لکيو اٿن. مون کي حڪم ڪيو هيائون ته ڏانهن ڪجهه ڪتاب موڪليان. آئون اهي ڪتاب موڪلي ڪونه سگهيو هئس.

                اوهان لکيو آهي ته: “پهريون ڀيرو خط وسيلي مخاطب ٿي رهيو آهيان!” پر ادل، مان ته اوهان کي اڳ کان سڃاڻان ٿو. اوهان مون کان ٻه مهينا ۽ سترنهن ڏينهن وڏا آهيو. اوهان ڪنڊياري ۾ ڄاوا هئا ۽ آئون موهن جي دڙي لڳ ڳوٺ خير محمد آريجا ۾!! فرق رڳو هي آهي ته مون Ph.D ڪئي آهي ۽ اوهان M.B.B.S ڪري رهيا آهيو. آئون هتي آهيان ۽ اوهان احمد آباد ۾ آهيو. مون اوهان جو ذڪر پنهنجي اڻ ڇپيل ڪتاب “ايڊيٽر نامو” ۾ ڪيو آهي. تنهنجو ڪتاب “علي بابا گم” پڙهيو اٿم.

                اهو پڙهي خوشي ٿي ته اوهان کي منهنجو ”اديون“ ۾ شايع ٿيل مضمون وڻيو. اوهان جي پسنديده وشيه تي هتي ڪو به ڪتاب شايع نه ٿيو آهي. البت ڊراما ڪيترائي شايع ٿيا آهن، آئون سٺا ڊراما تو ڏانهن موڪلي ڏيندس. باقي خطن وسيلي تو ڏانهن معلومات موڪلي ڏيندس، تون منهنجا مضمون پنهنجي ڪتاب ۾ کڻي ڏجانءِ. ناٽڪ منڊلين وارو  مضمون تو وٽ آهي. هن سان گڏ “سنڌي اداڪار جو وچور” ڏياري موڪليان ٿو.

    ”سنڌي اداڪارن جو وچور“

    سنڌي ناٽڪ جي تاريخ ۽ ترقيءَ بابت لکڻ وقت اداڪارن جي وجود ۽ اهميت کي ڪڏهن به نظرانداز نه ٿو ڪري سگهجي. حقيقت مڳڻ اداڪارن جو ذڪر ئي ڊرامي جي اڌ تاريخ آهي. سنڌي اداڪارن کي ٽن حصن ۾ ورهائي سگهجي ٿو: هڪڙا سنڌ جا اداڪار، ٻيا هند جا اداڪار ۽ ٽيان ورهاڱي کان اڳ جا اداڪار. انهن ٽنهي قسمن جي اداڪارن جي جيون چرترن ۽ ڪارنامن تي الڳ ڪتاب لکي سگهجي ٿو. انهيءَ ڪم کي تڏهن پورو ڪري سگهبو، جڏهن سنڌ يا هند ۾ ”ناٽڪ لاءِ تحقيقي اڪاڊمي“ قائم ڪئي وڃي. جنهن طرفان منظم نموني ناٽڪي اداڪارن سان رابطو قائم ڪري سندن احوال ڪٺو ڪيو وڃي.

                هن هيٺ آئون سنڌ جي ناٽڪي اداڪارن جي نالن جو وچور ڏئي رهيو آهيان، ته جيئن مون کان پوءِ کوجنا ڪرڻ واري کي هڪ ئي هنڌ تي گهڻي کان گهڻا نالا ملي سگهن ۽ هو آسانيءَ سان ڪم ڪري سگهن.

    الف: اقبال پروين، اقبال ترين، اسرار شام، ابراهيم پروانو، امداد ملڪ، ارشاد گل، اسماعيل انجم، اقبال انصاري، امير ناز، اڪبر آرزو، انور اقبال، آفتاب شاهه، آفتاب نبي، انور بلوچ، انوري بيگم، اشفاق صفي، ايوب سرحدي، احمد شريف، الطاف سومرو، ابو بلال، اختر ناز، احمد علي چانڊيو، انور شاهه، اي. آر. بلوچ، اياز لطيف، اسلم راهي، انور سولنگي، الله بچايو لغاري، آغا سليم، اعجاز ساريو، اعظم عباسي، اسد لڪياروي، اختري، اسلم تنيو.

    ب: بدر حيدر، بملا، بينا،

    ت: تهذيب جعفري، تاج ساريو.

    پ: پروين اڪبر، پرنس مشتاق، پروين ناز، پرين بوبي، پريم راهي، پروين اقبال.

    ج: جاويد ميمڻ، جاويد ناز، جاويد بلوچ، جاني بلوچ، جبار خليل، جڳديش ڪمار،

    ح: حسينه عاليه، حيدر، حسن مستانه،

    خ: خادم عباسي، خادم ابڙو، خان محمد جوڻيجو، خدا بخش،

    چ: چڪوري، چندا ناز،

    د: درل سوز، دوست محمد ساريو، دوست محمد ابڙو،

    ذ: ذوالفقار پپو، ذوالفقار هيسباڻي،

    ر: رابيله، رضيه ناز، روشن بخاري، رياض شيخ، رخسانه خانم، روشن عطا، راجا نور انور، راجو البيلو، روبيه، رفيق صديقي، رشيد خمار، رفيق مغل، رفيق ترين، روپ مالا.

    ز: زاهد مرزا، زرينه بلوچ، زوار نقوي، زرينه گل،

    س: ساجده گل، ساحر قريشي، ساوتري، سڪينه سمون، سلطان، س. گل، سعيده، سيد صالح محمد شاهه، ساقي، ساجده پروين، سليم کيڙو، س. مغل، سيما، سڪندر بلوچ، سڪندر سومرو،

    ش: شهنشاهه عباس، شفيع محمد شاهه، شبير سيتائي، شبير بلوچ، شهناز، شهزاد گل، شهزادي، شفيق انصاري،

    ص: صلاح الدين، صابر حسين،

    ع: عمر ابڙو، علي گوهر، عبدالغني سولنگي، علڻ جانوري، عبدالخالق، عظيم کوکر، عبدالحڪيم کوسو، عاليه ناز، عصمت راشدي، عابد حيدري، عباس شاهه، عابد خان، عابد خان، عبدالحق ابڙو،

    غ: غزاله رفيق، غلام رسول زنگيجو، غفار ڀٽي، غلام علي سومرو، غفار تبسم، غالب لطيف، گلشن آرا، گل حسن جانوري، غلام نبي شاهه، غوث عادل،

    ڦ: ڦوٽو زرداري،

    ف: فتح علي پنهور، فدا مير، فريد نواز،

    ڪ: ڪنول، ڪرشن لعل، ڪليم،

    ق: قربان جيلاني، قلندر بخش، قربان درس، قمر شهباز، قمر زمان شاهه.

    گ: گل منير، گلاب گل، گل بانو، گلشن راهي، گ. ڏيپر، گيتا،

    ل: لطيف منا، لائق کوسو، لطيف چارلي

    م: ممتاز ڪنول، منير شاهين، محمد علي، مصطفيٰ بروهي، محڪم جوڻيجو، منصور جانوري، مدد وفا، مقصود مغل، مصطفيٰ شيخ، محمد عرس، محمود صديقي، محمد هاشم قريشي، محمد خان بروهي، مصطفيٰ قريشي، منظور قريشي،  منصور راهي، مشتاق جسڪاڻي، منظور مراد، ممتاز ابڙو، ممتاز عباسي، محمود لاسي، مشتاق چنگيزي، مختيار کوسو، مشتاق مغل، ممتاز پنهور،

    ن: نياز حسين، نواب سولنگي، نسرين اقبال، نعيم بلوچ، نيما، نواب اسلم، نذير سولنگي، نثار حسيني، نادر بلوچ، نبي بخش لاشاري، نور محمد لاشاري، نعيم سيلاني، نزهت عباسي، نذير بلوچ، نرگس،

    و: وفا ڀٽي

    ي: يار محمد شاهه، ياسمين بيبي، يوسف علي،

    هه: هاشم شورو، هاشم قريشي، همايون گل، هاشم بلوچ.

                مهرباني ڪري، اوهان پاڻ هنن کي ترتيب واري ڪري رکجو. هي وچور اوهان جي ڪتاب ۾ پوئتان ضميمي طور به ڏئي سگهجي ٿو. ٿي سگهيو ته آئون هر هڪ تي مضمون الڳ لکي موڪليندس. پر ان لاءِ وقت گهرجي، ڇو ته ساڻن ملڻ لاءِ وقت ڪڍڻو پوندو. هي وچور ڪجهه وقت اڳ پاڻ ٺاهيو هيم، جيڪو اوهان ڏي موڪليان پيو.

                شري رام ڪرشن هيرانند آڏواڻي (راهي) منهنجا ڪي ڪتاب (اڻ ڇپيل) ۽ مضمون ايڏانهن کڻي آيو هو. جيڪڏهن ڪتاب ڇپجي نه ٿا سگهن ته کيس (بمبئي خط لکي) چوندا ته مون وارا مضمون ئي اتي شايع ڪرائي.

    وڌيڪ خير

    سائين گنگارام سمراٽ لاءِ نياز

    ڊاڪٽر در محمد پٺاڻ

  • WE PAID FOR OUR FREEDOM

    Dr. Dur Muhammad Pathan
    WE PAID FOR OUR FREEDOM
    (The details of persons detained, prosecuted and convicted for political and anti-war activities For 1942)
    Introduction:
    I have been working on the political history of Sindh from 1843 to 1947. In this regard there will be one book of approximately 90 pages for one year. I have completed Sindh in 1941 & today another year has been completed and that is Sindh in 1942. This information has been taken from that book. This may kindly noted that a list of Sindhi freedom fighters of approximately 2000 has been published on my website: There is also a chapter on the sorrows and longings of freedom fighters published on my website. It is some sort of unique information on the history of the freedom movement. The information that is being shared here today is also in continuation in this regard. This is additional information that has been obtained from government secret records. It is very valuable and important and throws light on the great sacrifices made by Sindhis for the noble cause of the freedom movement. It is an eye opener for those who are of the opinion that Sindh has not played a vital role in the freedom movement. I do my level best to obtain information of this kind and include it in my year wise volumes.
    31st January 1942: The details of persons detained, prosecuted and convicted for political and anti-war activities are:
    (a) Detained: 65 (Under Defense of India Rules-129 by Sindh Government) 07(Under the defense of India Rules -26 by Central Government) and 02 (Under Defense of India Rules-129 by the Central Government Total is 65
    (b) Prosecuted : 5(Under Defense of India Rules-6), 9(Under Defense of India Rules-8), 2 (Under Defense of India Rules-24), 2(Under Defense of India Rules-81) and, 1 (Under Defense of India Rules-90).Total is 19
    (c) Convicted: 34 (Under Defense of India Rules-8), 1(Under Defense of India Rules-22), 1(Under Defense of India Rules-26), 30(Under Defense of India Rules-38), 1(Under Defense of India Rules-35), 38(Under Defense of India Rules-52), 2(Under Defense of India Rules-93) and 1(Under Defense of India Rules-20). Total is 109.
    28th February 1942: The details of persons detained, prosecuted and convicted for political and anti-war activities are:
    (a) Detained: 38 (Under Defense of India Rules-26 by Sindh Government), 19(Under Defense of India Rules-129 by Sindh Government), Total is 57
    (b) Prosecuted: 2(Under Defense of India Rules-8), 2(Under Defense of India Rules-24), 1(Under Defense of India Rules-38), 1(Under Defense of India Rules-81)= Total is 6.
    31st March 1942: The details of persons detained, prosecuted and convicted for political and anti-war activities are:
    (a) Detained: 47 (Under Defense of India Rules-8), 6(Under Defense of India Rules-81), 35(Under Defense of India Rules-129), 5(Under Defense of India Rules-6), 1(Under Defense of India Rules-22),1 (Under Defense of India Rules-26), 31(Under Defense of India Rules-38), 1(Under Defense of India Rules-39), 1(Under Defense of India Rules-45), 38(Under Defense of India Rules-52), 2(Under Defense of India Rules-93), 1(Under Defense of India Rules-120)=Total is 133
    (b) Prosecuted: 2(Under Defense of India Rules-8) total is 2
    (c) Convicted: 5(Under Defense of India Rules-6, 39(Under Defense of India Rules-8), 1(Under Defense of India Rules-22), (Under Defense of India Rules-24), 1(Under Defense of India Rules-26), 31((Under Defense of India Rules-38), 1(Under Defense of India Rules-39), 1(Under Defense of India Rules-45), 38(Under Defense of India Rules-52), 4(Under Defense of India Rules-81), 2(Under Defense of India Rules-93), 1(Under Defense of India Rules-120), Total is 126.
    30th April 1942: The details of persons detained, prosecuted and convicted for political and anti-war activities are:
    (a) Detained: 33 (Under Defense of India Rules-129)
    (b) Prosecuted: 9 (Under Defense of India Rules-8), 1(Under Defense of India Rules-20), 1(Under Defense of India Rules-22), 49(Under Defense of India Rules-38), 13(Under Defense of India Rules-52), 7(Under Defense of India Rules-81) Total is 79.
    31st May 1942: The details of persons detained, prosecuted and convicted for political and anti-war activities are:
    (a) Detained: 1 (Under Defense of India Rules-26), 24(Under Defense of India Rules-129). The total is 263 and details of previously detained persons is 46(Under Defense of India Rules-26) and 217(Under Defense of India Rules-129).
    (b) Prosecution: 4(Under Defense of India Rules-35), 1(Under Defense of India Rules-36), 21(Under Defense of India Rules-52), 24(Under Defense of India Rules-81). Total is 58
    (c) Convicted: 2(Under Defense of India Rules-8), 5(Under Defense of India Rules-52), 1 (Under Defense of India Rules-90). Total is 8. Whereas persons convicted previously are two three in number and details are 56(Under Defense of India Rules-8) ,1(Under Defense of India Rules-21), 2(Under Defense of India Rules-22), 2(Under Defense of India Rules-24), 1(Under Defense of India Rules-26), 1(Under Defense of India Rules-35), 1(Under Defense of India Rules-36), 60(Under Defense of India Rules-38), 1(Under Defense of India Rules-39), 1(Under Defense of India Rules-45),65 (Under Defense of India Rules-52), 31(Under Defense of India Rules-81), 2((Under Defense of India Rules-93) and 1(Under Defense of India Rules-120).
    30th June 1942: The details of persons detained, prosecuted and convicted for political and anti-war activities are:
    (a) Detained: 329 Hurs (Under Defense of India Rules-129), 1(Under Defense of India Rules-129). Total is 330. Previously detained are 75(Under Defense of India Rules-26) and 334(Under Defense of India Rules-29).
    (b) Prosecuted: 2(Under Defense of India Rules-8), 10(Under Defense of India Rules-52), 9 (Under Defense of India Rules-8). Total is 25.
    (c) 3(Under Defense of India Rules-8), 16(Under Defense of India Rules-52), 3(Under Defense of India Rules-81). Total is 22. Previously number of detained is 250 and details are: 5(Under Defense of India Rules-6), 52(Under Defense of India Rules-8), 1(Under Defense of India Rules-21), 2(Under Defense of India Rules-24), 1(Under Defense of India Rules-26), 1(Under Defense of India Rules-35), 1(Under Defense of India Rules-36), 60(Under Defense of India Rules-38), 1(Under Defense of India Rules-39), 1(Under Defense of India Rules-45) , 77(Under Defense of India Rules-52), 38(Under Defense of India Rules-81), 1(Under Defense of India Rules-90), 2(Under Defense of India Rules-93), 1 (Under Defense of India Rules-120)
    31st July 1942: The details of persons detained, prosecuted and convicted for political and anti-war activities are:
    (a) Detained: 51 Hurs (Under Defense of India Rules-26), 8 Hurs (Under Defense of India Rules-129), previously detained persons are 120(Under Defense of India Rules-26) and 715(Under Defense of India Rules-129).
    (b) Prosecuted: 1(Under Defense of India Rules-8), 1(Under Defense of India Rules-10), 2(Under Defense of India Rules-24), 10(Under Defense of India Rules-34), 23(Under Defense of India Rules-51), 19(Under Defense of India Rules-52), 4(Under Defense of India Rules-81), 1 (Under Defense of India Rules-120). Total is 61.
    (c) Convicted: 2(Under Defense of India Rules-24), 10(Under Defense of India Rules-38), 8(Under Defense of India Rules-52) 1(Under Defense of India Rules-81). Total is 21. Previously convicted persons total is 289 and details are: 6(Under Defense of India Rules-6), 66(Under Defense of India Rules-8), 1(Under Defense of India Rules-21), 2(Under Defense of India Rules-22), 2(Under Defense of India Rules-24), 1(Under Defense of India Rules-26), 1(Under Defense of India Rules-35), 1(Under Defense of India Rules-36), 63(Under Defense of India Rules-38), 1(Under Defense of India Rules-39), 1(Under Defense of India Rules-45), 95(Under Defense of India Rules-52), 44(Under Defense of India Rules-81), 1(Under Defense of India Rules-90), 2(Under Defense of India Rules-93), 1(Under Defense of India Rules-98) and 1(Under Defense of India Rules-120).
    31st August 1942: The details of persons detained, prosecuted and convicted for political and anti-war activities are:
    (a) Detained: 21 Congress (Under Defense of India Rules-26), 12 Congress (Under Defense of India Rules-29), 37 Hurs (Under Defense of India Rules-26), 69 Hurs (Under Defense of India Rules- 129), 3(Under Defense of India Rules-129). Total 942.
    (b) Prosecuted: 4(Under Defense of India Rules-6), 3(Under Defense of India Rules-8), (Under Defense of India Rules-34), 30(Under Defense of India Rules-35), 8(Under Defense of India Rules-52), 2(Under Defense of India Rules-81). Total is 54.
    (c) Convicted: 3(Under Defense of India Rules-6), 3(Under Defense of India Rules-35), 46(Under Defense of India Rules-52), 2(Under Defense of India Rules-81) total is 53.
    30th September 1942: The details of persons detained, prosecuted and convicted for political and anti-war activities are:
    (a) Detained: 93(Under Martial laws Reputations), 2(Under Defense of India Rules-38). Total is 95.
    (b) Prosecuted: 3(Under Defense of India Rules-6), 4(Under Defense of India Rules-8), 1(Under Defense of India Rules-34), 10(Under Defense of India Rules-35),8(Under Defense of India Rules-38),5(Under Defense of India Rules-52), 4(Under Defense of India Rules-81), 1(Under Defense of India Rules-86), 1 (Under Defense of India Rules-120) total is 34.
    (c) Convicted: 4(Under Defense of India Rules-6), 1(Under Defense of India Rules-8), 1(Under Defense of India Rules-10), 1(Under Defense of India Rules-34) ,1 (Under Defense of India Rules-35), 6(Under Defense of India Rules-36), 5(Under Defense of India Rules-38), 6(Under Defense of India Rules-52) ,1(Under Defense of India Rules-81), 1(Under Defense of India Rules-86) and 1(Under Defense of India Rules-120) Total is 38.
    31st October 1942: The details of persons detained, prosecuted and convicted for political and anti-war activities are:
    Detained: 13(Under Defense of India Rules-26), 1 The details of persons detained, prosecuted and convicted for political and anti-war activities are:
    (a) Detained: 93(Under Martial laws Reputations), 2(Under Defense of India Rules-129) total 14.
    (b) Prosecution: 1(Under Defense of India Rules-5), 5(Under Defense of India Rules-6), 2(Under Defense of India Rules-8), 3(Under Defense of India Rules-9), 12(Under Defense of India Rules-39), 1(Under Defense of India Rules-90) total 24.
    (c) Convicted: 15 (Martial Law Regulations), 125 (Indian Penal Code), 33(Under Defense of India Rules-38), Total 77.
    30 November 1942: The details of persons detained, prosecuted and convicted for political and anti-war activities are:
    (a) Detained: 70 Hurs(Under Defense of India Rules-26), 726((Under Defense of India Rules-129)
    (b) Prosecution: 16 (Indian Penal Code) , 27( special Laws), 10(Under Defense of India Rules-6), 6(Under Defense of India Rules-8), 8(Under Defense of India Rules-9), 9(Under Defense of India Rules-38), 9(Under Defense of India Rules-52), 2(Under Defense of India Rules-81), Total is 45.
    (c) Convicted: 134 (Under Martial Law Regulation), 36( Indian Penal Code), 11(Under Defense of India Rules-52).
    31 December 1942: The details of persons detained, prosecuted and convicted for political and anti-war activities are:
    (a) Detained: 78 Hurs (Under Defense of India Rules-26), 729 Hurs (Under Defense of India Rules-129), 80(Under Defense of India Rules-26), 9(other laws).
    (b) Prosecution: 66(Special Rule), 7(Under Defense of India Rules-6), 7(Under Defense of India Rules-8), 16(Under Defense of India Rules-9), 5(Under Defense of India Rules-26), 2(Under Defense of India Rules-34), 13(Under Defense of India Rules-38), 2(Under Defense of India Rules-39), 2(Under Defense of India Rules-46), 8(Under Defense of India Rules-52), 15(Under Defense of India Rules-81), 22(Under Defense of India Rules-89), 7(Under Defense of India Rules-129).
    (c) Conviction: 42(Special Rules), 8(Under Defense of India Rules-6), 3(Under Defense of India Rules-8), 17(Under Defense of India Rules-9), 2 (Under Defense of India Rules- 26), 3(Under Defense of India Rules-38), 2(Under Defense of India Rules-45), 11(Under Defense of India Rules-52), 8(Under Defense of India Rules-81) and 7(Under Defense of India Rules-129), 5(martial Law Regulations
  • Great Writer

    Great Writer


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  • “Remembrance Day: Heroes of Sindh” – An event of vital importance.

    “Remembrance Day: Heroes of Sindh” – An event of vital importance.

    Dr. Dur Muhammad Pathan

    Thanks to the World Sindhi Congress and Sindhi Sangat  U.K for arranging this event of vital importance. To me, this event will pave way for launching of Awareness Movement in Sindh and abroad.  Western world will be appraised of the sorrows and longings of Political Activists of Sindh. People in Sindh will be sure about the every possible help and support from their country-men living in other countries.

    Another importance of the event  is of Research Value.  Both, WSC and SS UK have invited attention of Researchers to conduct research on those Heroes of Sindh, who have scarified their lives for their country- her independence and bright future. I will pray that both Organizations must  take initiate and sponsor the proposed Research Project.

    Sindh has a wonderful record of her political lovers:

    In 1839, when Manora was occupied and Karachi was surrendered,  people of Karachi, in protest, killed an English Captain . Twenty people were arrested and five of them were hanged.

    Soon after beginning of the East India Company Rule Thakurs of Tharparkar  put office of Mukhtyarkar on fire. Napier was asked by the Governor-General to take care of situation. He sanctioned Annual Financial support for purchasing loyalty Upper Class of Thakurs and other Tribes. It is on record’

    During Mutiny of 1857, Sindhi availed opportunity of launching Movement against Rulers. Involved Sindhis were sent to Andaman in 1858. Soldiers of the Government, those were planning for revolt, were captured and blown up with Canon at the place near to the Empress Market.

    Hur Movement and underground Movement lunched by Pir Pagaro (Soorih Badshah)  took sacrifices of so many lives, including of Pir Pagaro. Martial Law was imposed on Eastern Part of Sindh.

    Congress launched so many movements of Non-Cooperation, Quit India etc. Its worker were killed in police shooting in Karachi. Great Hero of this era is a young Hindu of Sukkur, Himo Kalani.

    During Khilafat Movement participants faced State Terrorism. in spite of that so many  people   denounced Titles, earned imprisonment and refused to get Financial support from Government for their Schools/Maktabs.

    Muslim League played an ugly role to divide hearts. Its Movement for restoration of Masjid Manzilgah was meant to divide Sindh into Hindu and Muslim Camps. It was terrible game. We lost Bhagat Kanwar and Hassand Pamnani. They were real Heros of Sindh. Masjid Manzilgah took lives of so many innocent people. They all  are our victimized and forgotten Heroes.

    Allah Bux Soomro was killed and his killing was sponsored by the Government.

    After the partition and soon after inception of Jeay Sind , Sindh has been witnessing terrible state terrorism. So many young people and office bearers of J.S, has been disappeared by force, and handsome number has been killed mercilessly. They sacrificed their lives for their Motherland. They all are our Heroes.  We received dead bodies of Thori Phatak ja Shaheed, Habibullah Narejo, Samiullah Kalhoro, Qurban Khuhawar, Rooplo Cholhiani, Noorulla Tunio, Ijaz Solangi and others. Even, Bashir Qureshi was not spared and his life was taken in indirect way. These are not only Shaheed Heroes of our times, the number is very high.

    My briefing is to make you realize that there is dire need of conducting research  on the topic of Heroes of Sindh, as it will some sort of paying tribute to them.  Gul Hayat institute will extend unconditional support in providing source mater and sharing Research Methodology.

  • Sindh and the Indian Mutiny of 1857 By C.L. Mariwalla, BA

    Sindh and the Indian Mutiny of 1857 By C.L. Mariwalla, BA.

    (Read before the Sind” Historical Society 011 21st August 1940) The mutiny of 1R57was the last armed upheaval to overthrow the British in India. It was not only a sepoy mutiny but the mutiny of the Indian people as a whole. Thus wrote the Press, London. dated lst August 1857:_ “If the disaffection is confined to the sepoys and the civil population arc with us what on earth docs the Government of India mean hy troubling us with its calls fl’r European troops and its telegraphic alarms? There are men enough within its reach to raise ten armies from if the people be only well affected to us, as the ministers and directors state”. And it makes an interesting account to be recapitulating the part Sindh played in that futile attempt. Before we recount the incidents of this unsuccessful attempt in Sindh, it would not be out of place to consider the immediate causes of the rebellion and the elaborate arrangements made, inspire of a vigilant Government, Here is a version of how the army discontent was roused, as given by the Bombay Times, dated 2nd June 1857. Cartridges for the Enfield rifle were contracted to be made at Dum Dum in India. One day a Clashce who was engaged in making the new cartridges. met a Brahmin sepoy, lotah in hand. The Clashcc asked for a drink which the Brahmin declined to give as he did not know the other’s caste. “Caste”, replied the Clashcc, “In a few days, you will have no caste, for you will have to bite cartridges greased with the Iat of the bullocks and pigs”. The Bengal army contained high class men and this news soon spread among them. Pollusion and conversion to -Christianity was thought to he the aim of the introduction of the new cartridges. But that could not be the only cause of the mutiny, though it was the main cause. In the houses of Parliament it was brought to the notice 01 the members that contrary to contract. some fat in question had rcallv been used and thi~ informal ion resulted in a retort from Mr.’ Disracli who was in opposition at that time, The second and the final cause, in the words or the “Bombay Times” is as follows:_ “What lies at the bottom of the existing contumacy is a desire for increase in Pay.” lncrcascd ~25Sind!, Obscrv ..t! heaviness of duties due to the attempt at extension of the British Empire made the sepovs feel that they had a claim to higher pay. Whatever. might have been the ulterior motives of the leaders of the mutiny, these two were quite potent causes and it is surprising that no active sleps were taken to nip the trouble in the bud: instead, some interested persons were Janning the fire successfully. The success of a country-wide mutiny greatly depended on the speed of communications. For this purpose a novel plan was put into force which proved to be immensely successful. Here is the story and a comment thereon from the Friend of India, dated 24th March 1858:- “One morning towards the end of the last month (he officials of Fatehgarh were all in commotion, From Thana after Thana there arrived lillle.chappaties about 2 inches in diameter, It appeared that a few evenings previous, a Chowkidar from Cawnpore ordered a Chowkidar in Fatehgarh to make and bake 12 Chappaties such as the one he showed. Two he was to retain. Two more were to be given to each of the five nearest Chowkidars. The order was obeyed and long there was running and baking of Chappaties. The five’ obeyed orders also and distributed their message to 25 and so the affair went on, the cakes sweeping over the district at a speed at which no Indian post yet travels. The wave has not stopped yet. Is there to be an ‘explosion of feeling’, or only of laughter? Are the Chappaties of the Fiery Cross or only an indigestible edible, a cause of revolt or only of the Colic.” Having seen that the communications were prompt, and the people willing, thus “armed the mutiny broke out at Barrackpore. . ” Sindh had just been relieved from its Chaotic state under the Talpurs, in 1843. It was enjoying the benign rule of Sir Bartle Frere. The people had just settled down to a normal Peace-Time when the mutiny broke out. They were fully conscious of the great advantages of the new rule. They hardly mutincd. Not that alone. They helped the rulers considerably, to quell the rising. Here is a short diary of the events that look place in Sindh during the mutiny: _ Early in 1857, soon after Ihe out-break of the mutiny at Barrakporc, the harrowing talc~ ·of the butchery of the Europeans reached Karachi. The community was up and alarmed. They met i;l a public meeting on the 2()th (If June, under the Presidency of Sir 22(1Sind” and the Indian Mutin» of 1857 Bartle Frore. All bore anxious faces. It was a tense atmosphere. At last Sir Bartle broke the icc. He gave a brief account of the mutiny as culled from the official information received by him. He assured those present that they need not be afraid since there was no danger of an out-break in his province. This greatly relieved those present and the meeting dispersed. As soon as the mutiny assumed an All-India form, the Government of India passed the Press Gagging Act. This greatly handicapped the Press, who contemptuously termed it as the Black Act. Here is what the Sindh Kossid, a Bi-weekly of Karachi, of those days, says about it: – Never was a gubernotical act more ill-timed or ill-judged than that which has placed a tyrranical censorship over the Indian Press.” And in Sindh the axe first fell on the Sindh Kossid itself. This is how an editorial dated Friday 18th September 1857 details out the incident: – The proprietor printer and manager of the Sind” Kossid were summoned on Tuesday last to attend the Magistrate’s office to answer for ‘an article’. that appeared in our journal. The summons being for ‘immediate’ attendance and the vague allusion to ‘an article’ put us about not a Jittlf’_ first to • procure swift steeds to do ourselves the honour of ‘immediate’ attendance and secondly at looking. over all the paper in question and wondering what article it might bethat we were called upon to answer for. However the several parties attended, being escorted by the Editor who had fearlessly taken the brunt upon himself to answer all enquiries. The Magistrate, having received the usual salutations from the men of the Press, proceeded, with paper in hand, to read a part of our Kotri correspondent’s letter regarding an incident that had taken place at Kotri. Having accomplished this task of reading aloud. the authority before whom we were standing assured us (hat there was not the slightest truth in the statement, and that such mis-statements would oblige him to ‘stop the press’. He desired to be acquainted with the authority for the statement, which of course we ‘declined to furnish under any circumstances. We on our part assured “he Magistrate that the statement had been conveyed to us lhrough a gentleman upon whose veracity we had the utmost confidence and that it found a place in our columns under the impression that it Was correct. that we were sorry to find. [rum . thc Magistrate’s a~~lIrance. it was not so and that we should be careful in Iuturc nut til lay ourselves open to any such st;.ll\:l1Jcnt~. \The Magistrate exerted agall1 and reitcnlLcd hi, intention or “””7–,Sindh Ohsl”’w/ “stopping the press” should any mis-statements again find their way into our paper.” As the distress of the European community increased, a dcmi- official voluntary aid fund was started at Karachi. to which all ungrudgingly subscribed. This proved of great avail to the refugees. As the circumstances required, the Commissioner issued proclamations prohibiting sale of lire-arms and ammunition to the native population without previous Government permission. as also transmission of lead. sulphur, salt-petre, gun-powder etc. except for Government purposes. The Commissioner ordered a recruiting depot to he established in Upper Sindh, which in a short time, recruited battalians of Bcloochees for active service against the mutineers. Seth Naumal of Karachi made a gesture of loyalty hy promising to furnish a loyal and sturdy force of 3000 strong from Africa, if the Government provided the conveyance. He and the other Sethias of Karachi gave all the facilities that the Europeans mostly needed at this time . • The Government also opened a camel train from Karachi to Mullan, having stations after every 20 miles or so, where at each station were stationed about 50 camels ready for work. By means of this arrangement and the Indus Flotilla, the regiments were sent to the Punjab to suppress the rebellion there. But all was not quiet in Sindh. Lieut: Battis Combe received news on the 9th September of a plot at Hyderabad fixed for the 12th instant. ‘The cool courage of Brigadier Morris, and a timely gallop of the mounted police sufficed to prevent the signals of the disaffection taking effect.” The Native infantry was ordered a special parade immediately, where they were disarmed and the ring-leaders arrested. Even the native guard on the Fort was replaced by the ~u;trd of the Royal Fusilicrs and the fort guns were mounted for any crncrgcncv, A Court Marshal was held where the arch conspirator H a\ aldar Coornbarsing \Va!’>ordered to be shot from the guns, his accomplices were either to he hanged or were transported for life, only two being acquitted. ‘When the Havaldar came 10 face his ordeal. he lashed his hack to the muzzle. The port fire was lighted- rl’;ld~’ lirc- and ;”,,’ay’ he went full sweep. a portion of the hack-bone nc.ulv kuockiru; I Ill’ Dl’!1l1ly Collvrtor from his camel.”Sindh and the lndian Mutinv tit 1857 A dreamy hut dark suspicion of the fidelity of the 21st. N. I. stationed al Karachi, had been entertained due to its containing a numher of Bengalis. .On Sunday 13th September at 11 p.m. two Oudh Brahmin native officers or the 21st N.J. betrayed their comrades by informing their officers Major Mc. Gregor about the mutiny planned by the regiment at 2 p.m. on Monday morning. An orderly of the 21st. N.1. independent of the Oudh Brahmins, had similarly informed the Major. It had been decided to capture the treasury. murder the officers and proceed tn I-Iyderahad. Prompt arrangements were made to meet the situation. Major Mct ircgor immediately “consulted the Brigade Authorities, who without a moment’s delay ordered the whole of the European troops to he assembled and marched to the scene of anticipated revolt. The troops were lined up .Irthe parade ground or the 21st N.L, with two Artillery guns on each flank. After due arrangements, the assembly of the 21st N.I. was ordered, which met after due reluctance. This ncccssuatcd two Nine Pounders to he summoned for any eventuality. The roll was called and alkr a few words being addressed to them. the order to tile arms was given and was promptly obeyed. without a murmur. The European Infantry tonk charge of the arms and on inspection. 40 lire-locks were [ound loaded. After the disarming a strict search ‘vas made of the huts of the 21st N.t. and nothing beyond a few swords were recovered”, “All this was done within three quarters of an hour” and ‘so quietly that the majority of the town-folk wen: not even aware of the military movements, until after many hours: All this points to the prompt way in which the situation was handled hy the authorities, 36 men or the 21st N,I. were found missing. Of these (i were caught immediately, 1 were secured in camp the next day, and 11 more were captured while crossing the H ubb: hut’ still some ring-leaders were at large, specially the chid conspirator Color Havaldar Ramdin Pandey. The police force of I:’iO and 4 companies of drilled infantry under. Major Marston, assisted bv captain Pirie and Khan SaheiJ Ghoolam Hussain, the adjutant of the force. pursued the 3(, fugitives and brought in or otherwise accounted for them all. Immediate steps were alsu taken to safeguard every European resident. Ladies Iound a fine rcndczvou« in the capacious mess room of the. Second European Light Infantrv and the Civilians armed themselves against any auack. The principul roads of the Cantonment were lined in the twinkling of an eye with a complete chain (If fO;lt and horse patrol. 22()Si”d” Oh.~t’/wd who kept open the communication and prevented stragglers or bad- characters from perambulating the streets or looting the deserted Bungalows. Volunteer Corps for night patrol were started in Camp to relieve the European troops for a state of efficiency in emergency. Here is a circular issued by the commissioner to that effect dated ]6th September lS57: – “By the desire of Major General Scott, commanding the Division, all able-bodied non-military men possessing a horse and arms and willing to volunteer for patrol duties in and about the station, are invited to report themselves to Major Goldsmith or to Captain Johnstone who will give them instructions regarding the duty to be performed. It is suggested that for the present none should offer themselves who have family tics which render it a primary duty to remain at home and protect .their household.” Sd: H.B.E. Frere. European residents were promised easy supply of lire-arms for defence. The 14th N.I. was not touched due to their proven loyalty. At the time these incidents took place, the Commissioner Sir Bartle Frere was at his Bungalow at Clifton. Major Goldsmith’ was with him at that time. The Commissioner was immediately informed of the situation by Captain Johnstone. On hearing of the disturhance Sir Bartle came to town and inspected the Native lines. He found the state quite satisfactory. Out of the deserters 10 were caught and Court-Marshalled on the Hith and 17th of September. Of them 7 were sentenced to be hanged and the rest were to be shot from the guns. Seven more were captured and 3 others died during the capture. At long last the Arch-conspirator Ramdin Pondey was’ secured and shot from the guns on the nrd September, while his remaining accomplices were transported for life. They were marched along the Bunder Road under police escort to the Bundar to board the “Chusan” bound for Bombay. There was a semblance or a mutiny in the 16th Native Infantry at Shikarpur, but the trouble was nipped in the bud. The battery rose at mid-night and from their barrack-square commenced firing in all directions from which that place was accessible; but the prompt action of Colonel Stewart, the collector, and Colonel Montgomary, the police chief, out-witted and captured them. Soon after the force sat down before Delhi, the Frontier tribes planned their rising. Their leader Durriah Khan, the Chief of the Jakranis was to come to Jacohabad at 5 p.m., and his co-traitor Oil 2~OSindh and ‘he Indian Mutin» 1)( 1857 Murad, the chief of the khojas, was to follow at 10 a.m. the following day, when they had decided to butcher Major Mcrewcthcr and his officers who were to sit in durhar on that day. But lit 5-30 p.m., half an hour after his arrival Dhurriakhan was on a fast trotting camel on his way to Sukkur, heavily ironed, to he placed on board the steamer lying ready to start for Karachi. Two days later Oil Murad Khan, who made. off for the hills on hearing of his fcllowtraitor’s fate. followed in the same manner and the out-break was prevented. On the whole there was no serious trouble in Sindh. For this the Commissioner was chiefly responsible. He had so pleased the populace that they willingly recruited and formed into those brave Balooch regiments which were responsible for the capture of Delhi by the Government. Here is what seth Naumal says about the altitude of the Commissioner during the days of the mutiny: – “1 cannot sufficiently admire the patience. thought, judgment and courage evinced hy Sir Bartle Frere during these troublous and trying times.” But Sir Bartle ‘had to seck the co-operation of the people. Inspire of the fact that ..the generality of people in Sindh said that the English rule in India had well nigh come to a dose”, they fully co-operated with the Government. Sir Fredrick Goldsmith wrote in the Asiatic Quarterly Review as follows:- When speaking of the dead, those natives must not he forgotten who enabled Frere in the hour of danger to British Rule to dispense with his legitimate garrisons and trust to the resources drawn to himself from the hearts of the people he governed. . That has heen the tendency of Sindh all along. Thus Sindh played its part jn the mutiny of 1H57. Authorities quoted: – Nil. I ‘Memoirs of SCIh Naurnal’. No.2 ‘Sindh Kossid Filc~. 1~57. Nil ..’ ‘Our Paper’ File IR67

  • ڪجھ پراڻا رسالا–در محمد پٺاڻ

    ڪجھ پراڻا رسالا–در محمد پٺاڻ


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  • ڊاڪٽر در محمد پٺاڻ ڊاڪٽر بلوچ جي ڪتاب رهاڻ هيرڻ کاڻ،” جلد ٻئين جو مطالعو تعارف

    ڊاڪٽر در محمد پٺاڻ ڊاڪٽر بلوچ جي ڪتاب رهاڻ هيرڻ کاڻ،” جلد ٻئين جو مطالعو تعارف


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  • ورهاڱي کان اڳ جي غير مسلم شاعرن جي ڪلام جو مطالعو . در محمد پٺاڻ

    ورهاڱي کان اڳ جي غير مسلم شاعرن جي ڪلام جو مطالعو . در محمد پٺاڻ

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  • نهنجي ماتر ڀوميءَ جي موجوده دور

    نهنجي ماتر ڀوميءَ جي موجوده دور جي ماڻهن جي، بلڪه فعال ۽ ساڃهه-وند ماڻهن کي ٻن قسمن ۾ ورهائي سگهجي ٿو. هڪ قسم انهن ماڻهن جو آهي. جيڪي ”پئي کڻي پساهه، پسڻ ڪارڻ پرين جي“ مصداق ڌرتيءَ ۽ ڌرتيءَ-ڌڻين جي روشن مستقبل لاءِ سوچن ۽ لوچن ٿا. اهي ڪا وڏي تبديلي هن ڪري آڻي نه ٿا سگهن ته انهن مان ڪي ماضيءَ جي مزارن جا مجاور آهن ته ڪي ماضيءَ جي قدرن، نظرين ۽ اصولن جي وقت ۽ حالتن مطابق ٻيهر وضاحت، تشريح ۽ انهيءَ تي عمل ڪرڻ جي ڏات کان عاري آهن. ان ڪري اهي بهتر مجاوري ته ڪري سگهن ٿا، ليڪن سائنسي بنيادن ۽ دور جي تقاضائن مطابق روشن مستقبل آڻڻ لاءِ نيون ريتون ۽ رسمون جوڙ ي نه ٿا سگهن. اهي نه ته انهيءَ چڪڻ مان چڙهندا ۽ نه وري پنهنجي روين، عملن ۽ نظرين جي نظرثاني ڪندا.

    ٻيو قسم وري اهڙن مکڻ ماڻهن تي مشتمل آهي، جيڪي حال ۾ مگن آهن ۽ انهيءَ حوالي سان وڏا ڪارناما به سرانجام ڏين ٿا. اهي ماڻهو ئي علم، ادب ۽ ثقافت جا ٻوٽا سڪڻ نه ٿا ڏين، سدائين وتن ٿا انهن جي آبياري ڪندا، اهي ڪم ته سٺو ڪن ٿا، ليڪن تاريخ ۽ مستقبل جون تقاضائون پوري ڪرڻ ۾ ايڏي دلچسپي نه ٿا وٺن، مثال ڪري وٺو، شاهه، سچل ۽ قلندر جا ميلا ٿين ٿا. اتي جيڪي به علمي، ادبي ۽ ثقافتي ڪم ٿين ٿا، انهن جي ڊاڪيومنيٽيشن ٿئي ئي ڪو نه ٿي. فقط اهڙن موقعن تي سيمينارن ۾ پڙهيل مقالا ڪتابي صورت ۾ شايع ڪرائڻ ڪا مڪمل ڊاڪيومينٽيشن ناهي. ٿيڻ ائين گهرجي ته انهن جي مڪمل ڊاڪيومينٽري ٺهي، جيڪا مارڪيٽ ۾  موجود هجي، انهن بزرگن جي نالن تي ويب سائيٽون هجن جن تي اهو ۽ اهڙو ٻيو مواد رکبو هجي. جيڪا شئي شاهه، سچل ۽ قلندر بابت سندن عرس يا ميلي کان پوءِ لکي وڃي. ڪئي وڃي، پوءِ اها ڪنهنجي به هجي، ان کي ويب سائيٽ تي آندو وڃي.

    هي ته هئا سرڪاري سرگرمين جا مثال، پر سنڌ جي ڪنڊ ڪڙڇ ۾ بزرگن، پيرن فقيرن جا عرس ملهائجن ٿا ۽ سال دوران ڪيترا ميلا ٿين ٿا.اهي به ثقافتي ۽ روحاني سرگرميون هئڻ باوجود جهڙوڪه ڍنگهرن تي اٽي هارڻ برابر آهن. انهن مان به ڪنهن جي  ڊاڪيومينٽيشن نه ٿي ٿئي، ڪي ڪيسٽون تيار نه ٿيون ٿين ۽ ڪي ڪتاب شايع نه ٿا ٿين.

    هاڻي ته سٺي ڳالهه هيءَ ٿي آهي ۽ ٽين روايت اها پئي آهي ته شخصيتن جي نالن تي به ميلا ٿين ٿا. جن شخصيتن جي زندگيءَ ۾ مڃتا نه ملي، انهن کي اڄوڪو نسل جڏهن هاڻي ياد ڪري ٿو ته ڄڻ اڳئين نسل جي ڪوتاهين جو ڪفارو ٿو ڪري. هي ڳالهه هر وجهه کان تعريف جوڳي آهي، هيءَ روايت شخصيت-فهميءَ جا نو ان طريقا ڏسي ٿي. اهڙن روايتن جي آجيان ڪرڻ گهرجي. پوءِ ڇو نه اهي ”نانيءَ-ويڙ هن“ جي اصولن تي قائم ڪيون وڃن.  اهڙن واقعن ۽ موقعن تي سمورن شاعرن، اديبن ۽ فنڪارن کي گهرائڻ ناممڪن آهي، ظاهر آهي ته هم خيال دوست ئي گڏ ٿيندا. ان ڪري اهڙي عمل جي آجيان ٿيڻ گهرجي پر وري انهيءَ ڳالهه جي به نشاندهي ٿيڻ گهرجي ته ڪارنامن جهڙن انهن واقعن جي ڊاڪٽومينٽري ٿيڻ گهرجي. ڪتاب ڇپجڻ گهرجن ۽ سي ڊيون تيار ٿيڻ گهرجن ته جيئن اهو تجربو ۽ اهو عمل نه فقط همعصر ماڻهن تائين پهچي، پر تاريخ جون تقاضائون پوريون ڪندي، ايندڙ نسلن ڏانهن به منتقل ٿيندو رهي. هونءَ نه ته هر ڪو بهتر ڪم پاڻ کي خوش ڪرڻ ۽ ڍنگهرن تي اٽي هارڻ برابر ٿيندو رهندو.

    ڪنهن به قوم کي پڙهڻ ۽ سمجھڻ لاءِ انهن جا رويا ۽ عمل وڏي مدد ڪندا آهن ۽ خبر پوندي آهي ته قوم ڪهڙي ۽ ڪيتري پاڻي ۾ آهي. ڪنهن به قوم کي اڳتي وڌڻ ۽ ترقي ڪرڻ لاءِ هڪ ئي وقت تي پنجن عملن ۽ مرحلن مان گذرڻو پوندو آهي. اهي عمل يا مرحلا آهن: تخليق جو عمل، جنهن ۾ قوم نئين ڳالهه، ندرت سان ايجاد ڪندي آهي، ٺاهيندي آهي. پوءِ اهو عملي ڪم هجي، يا قلمي ڪم هجي، اهو نظرياتي ڪم هجي يا سماجي، اهو سائنسي هجي يا تعليمي ۽ تخليق قوم جي ترقيءَ جي ضمانت ٿيندي آهي. ٻيو مرحلو يا عمل آهي تحقيق جو. هن عمل مان مراد اها هوندي آهي ته قوم ماضيءَ ۽ حال جي سائنسي بنيادن تي ڇنڊ ڇاڻ ڪري، قوم واقعن جي پس منظر ۽ پيش منظر جو مطالعو ڪري ڪي اصول ۽ دڳ پيچرا ٺاهي ته جيئن ان تي هلي روشن مستقبل لاءِ جاکوڙ ڪري سگهجي. ٽيون عمل يا مرحلو آهي مشاهدو ڪرڻ ۽ ان مشاهدي جي آڌار تي باقي ماڻهن کي اجاين تجربن کان بچائڻ، مثال طور ٻين قومن ۽ ٻولين جا لکيل ڪتاب جڏهن ترجمو ڪندا آهيون ته اسان جهڙوڪه مشاهدو ڪري ٻين قومن جا تجربا ۽ ڪم، قدر ۽ نظريا پنهنجن ماڻهن تائين پهچائيندا آهيون. چوٿون مرحلو يا عمل آهي ”اداره-سازي“. هن جو مطلب آهي ته وقت ۽ حالتن جي تقاضائن مطابق نيون تنظيمون ٺاهڻ ۽ ادارا جوڙڻ ته جيئن هم خيال ماڻهن کي ڪو پليٽ فارم مهيا ڪجي ته اهي پنهنجي اجتماعي لياقتن ۽ صلاحيتن سان پنهنجي حال ۽ حالتن کي سڌارڻ ۽ روشن  مستبقل کي سنوارڻ لاءِ هٿ پير هڻن. چوٿون عمل يا مرحلو آهي. ”سرگرميون“. هن جو مطلب آهي ته جيڪي ادارا يا تنظيمون جوڙيون وڃن، انهن کي فعال رکيو وڃي. پنجون عمل يا عمل اهو آهي ته اسان پنهنجو احتساب ڪريون. فقط ٻين تي تنقيد نه ڪريون، بلڪه پاڻ تي پنهنجي قول ۽ فعل تي تنقيد ڪري، پنهنجا جھول ۽ پنهنجون غلطيون ڪڍي انهن کي سڌاريون.

    هاڻي انهيءَ ڪسوٽيءَ تي پاڻ ۽ پنهنجي قوم کي ڏسون ٿا ته پاڻ ۾ ڪيتريون ئي اوڻائيون نظر اچن ٿيون. پهرين ڳالهه هيءَ آهي ته اسان انهن سمورن مرحلن ۽ عملن ۾ توازن قائم ڪونه ڪري سگهيا آهيون ۽ ڪن مرحلن ۽ عملن کي اسان نهايت محدود ڪري ڇڏيو آهي يا سمجھيو آهي.

    مثال طور ”تخليق“ جي عمل کي اسان فقط شعر ۽ شاعري ڪرڻ ۽ ڪتان لکڻ تائين محدود ڄاتو سمجھيو آهي. سائنسي تخليق جو اهو حشر آهي ته اسان توتري به ڪونه ٺاهي سگهيا آهيون. موبائيل،ٽيليويزن، ڪمپيوٽر، انٽرنيٽ، تان جو جهازن ۽ راڪيٽن ٺاهڻ ۾ اسان جو ڪو به عمل دخل ڪونهي. اسان انهن گهرن کي ڪنهن نئين انداز سان ٺاهڻ بدران صدين کان ساڳي طرز تعمير تي جوڙيون ٿا. اسان ”تنقيد“ کي ٻئي جي پٽڪي ڊاهڻ ۽ ٽنگون ڇڪڻ جو فن ڪري ورتو آهي. ان ڪري هن مان برائيون ۽ غلطيون ته دور نه ٿيون ٿين، پر دشمنيون ٿين ۽ وڌن ٿيون، تنظيمن ٺاهڻ ۾ اسان کي فقط هڪ سر جي مسجد ٺاهڻ جو ڏانءُ آهي. اهي انا ۽ قيادت ڪري هڪ مٿان ٻي پيا ٺاهينداسين. ادارا ٺاهڻ اسان جي وس جي ڳالهه ڪانهي. البته ادارن کي ڏاڪڻ طور ڪم آڻي پنهنجي قد ۽ قامت وڌائڻ ۾ اسان جو مٽ ٻيو ڪوئي ڪونهي. ها، هڪ ڳالهه ۾ بادشاهه آهيون، اهي آهن اسان جون سرگرميون، جن ۾ ثقافتي ۽ ادبي سرگرميون، سياسي ۽ سماجي گرميون چوٽ چڙهيل آهن. پر اهي فقط پاڻ لاءِ آهن. نانيءَ ويڙهن لاءِ آهن. انهن کي اسان تاريخ ۽ ايندڙ دور جي نسلن ڏانهن منتقل ڪرڻ لاءِ تيار ناهيون

     
  • سرشاهنواز ۽ سکر بئراج ۽ ٻيون ڪجهه ڳالهيون

    ڊاڪٽر درمحمد پٺاڻ

    سر شاهنواز ۽ سکر بئراج ۽ ٻيون ڪجهه ڳالهيون

    مجموعي طور تي سنڌ جي سمورن دورن جا تاريخ، مواد ۽ معلومات جي اڻاٺ ۽ تاريخ نويسيءَ جي فني لوازمات کان اڻ ڄائپ ڪارڻ ڏند – ڪٿا بڻجي پئي آهي. انگريزن جو دور، جنهن تي مواد ۽ معلومات به موجود آهي ۽ تحقيق جا طريقا به سمجهي ۽ سمجهائي سگهجن ٿا، اهو پڻ انهيءَ ڪري اوجهل ٿيندو پيو وڃي، جو ڪنهن سرڪار کي هوش نه آيو ته انهيءَ دور جي رڪارڊ کي فني ۽ سائنسي بنيادن تي گڏ ڪري، ترتيب ڏئي عوام اڳيان آڻجي. سرڪار رڪارڊ ۽ ڪتابن جا گدام ته ٺهرايا، پر تاريخي تحقيق جو ادارو جوڙي، انهن ۾ جان نه وڌي.

    سرشاهنواز ڀٽو ماضي قريب جي سياسي شخصيت آهي. ذوالفقار علي ڀٽي کان وٺي شهيد راڻي تائين کيس لائق وارث به مليا. پر سرشاهنواز ڀٽي جي شخصيت، خدمتن ۽ قومي ڪردار تي تحقيقي ڪم نه ٿيو. پيپلز پارٽيءَ سان لاڳاپيل ڪن ليکڪن ۽ مداحن هڪ اڌ سوونيئر ضرور ڪڍيا، پر اها ڪاوش ”ميڙي چونڊي“ ته ضرور هئي، ليڪن نه شخصيت سان انصاف ٿيو ۽ نه وري تاريخ نويسيءَ سان ڀلائي ٿي. ويتر ڪيترن ئي غلطين کي تاريخ جو روپ ملي ويو.

    سرشاهنواز ڀٽي تي پهريون معياري مضمون مرحوم سائين جي ايم سيد لکيو، جيڪو سندس ڪتاب ”جنب گذاريم جن سين“ ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو. ان کان پوءِ جنهن به سرشاهنواز ڀٽي تي لکيو آهي، اهو ”جنب گذاريم جن سين“ کي آڏو رکي لکيو ويو آهي. انهيءَ ڪتاب ۾ جيڪي پروفن جون غلطيون رهجي ويون، انهن کي باقي ليکڪن به ورجايو آهي. مثاطور انهيءَ ڪتاب ۾ لکيو ويو آهي ته ”سرشاهنواز ڀٽو 1920ع ۾ ضلعي لاڙڪاڻي لوڪل بورڊ جو پريزيڊنٽ چونڊيو ويو، جنهن عهدي هو مسلسل 1933ع تائين رهيو“. اهي سال پوءِ ٻين به ورجايا. جيڪي غلط آهن. اهڙيءَ ريت جنم تاريخ سائين جي ايم سيد ۽ سندس ڪتاب تان نقل ڪندڙن 2 مارچ 1888ع ڄاڻائي آهي. هن وقت هي مضمون / مقالو لکڻ لاءِ مون جيڪي دستاويز اڳيان رکيا آهن، انهن ۾ سنڌ مدرسي جي جنرل رجسٽرڊ جي ان صفحي جي فوٽو ڪاپي به آهي، جنهن ۾ سرشاهنواز جو شاگرد طور ذڪر ٿيل آهي. انهيءَ سر شاهنواز جي ولادت جو سال 1892ع لکيل آهي.

    سائين جي ايم سيد سنڌ جو اهو واحد سياستدان محقق هئو، جنهن مواد گڏ ڪرڻ ۽ لکڻ جا انداز محققانه هئا. سائين مرحوم شخصيتن جا سوانحي خاڪا ٻڌ تي ڪو به لکيا آهن. مون کي ذاتي خبر آهي ۽ مون اهو کانئس به پڇيو هئو. مرحوم خاص طور تي سوانح بابت مالڪ کان يا سندس پونئيرن کان لکت ۾ معلومات وٺندو هئو. ان ڪري جيڪڏهن اسان پروفن جي غلطي نه به چئون ته، ان ۾ سائين جي ايم سيد جي تحقيقي انداز ۽ سچائيءَ تي حرف نه ٿو اچي. پر ان ۾ اسان سنڌين جي هڪ عجيب نفسيات جو عمل دخل آهي. اها نفسيات هي آهي ته اسان جي ڪيترن وڏيرن ۽ پيرن، يا کڻي چئون ته وڏن گهرائڻ مان تمام گهڻن جي اها سوچ هوندي آهي ته جيڪو مئو سو ڇٽو، جيڪو سياسي يا روحاني گاديءَ تي ويهندو ته اهو فقط پنهنجي ڳالهه ٻڌڻ چاهيندو ۽ پنهنجو نالو روشن ڪرڻ گهرندو.

    سرشاهنواز ڀٽي سائين جي ايم سيد جيڪا معلومات ورتي هوندي، ٿي سگهي ٿو ته خانداني روايتن واري رڪارڊ ۾ سندس جنم جو سال 1888ع هجي. اهڙيءَ ريت عهدن، رتبن، نوڪرين ۽ ٻين ڳالهين جا سن ۽ سال پونئيرن جي وس ۾ ئي نه هوندا ته اهي ياد رکن. ان ڪري اتان سڀ سن ۽ واقعا اندازي ۽ اوٽ تي ٻڌايا لکيا ويندا.

    چيو ٿو وڃي ته سرشاهنواز ڀٽو 1920ع ۾ لوڪلبورڊ جو صدر ٿيو. منهنجي تحقيق مطابق سيپٽمبر 1920ع تائين هو ميمبر به ڪونه ٿيو هو. 13 سيپٽمبر 1920ع تي ڊسٽرڪٽ لوڪلبورڊ جي جيڪا گڏجاڻي ٿي آهي، ان وقت بورڊ جو صدر انگريز ڪليڪٽر اي.ايس.وي.اڪاٽ (A.S.V Acott) هئو. هن گڏجاڻي وقت جيڪي ميمبر هئا، ۽ گڏجاڻيءَ ۾ شامل به ٿيا، انهن مان ٽي اڪيس آفيشو ميمبر هئا ۽ باقي پندهن چونڊيل ۽ ٿاڦيل ميمبر هئا. سمورن جا نالا آهن: چئنراءِ (ڊپٽي ڪليڪٽر، ميهڙ)، ڏيارام(ڊپٽي ڪليڪٽر، لاڙڪاڻو)، صاحب زادو(ڊپٽي ڪليڪٽر، سيوهڻ)، راءِ صاحب مولچند سخاوتراءِ، سيٺ هاسومل ڪشنچند، چڀڙسنگ لڪاسنگ، سرائي حاجي امير علي لاهوري، خانصاحب غلام محمد اسراڻ، سرائي رب رکيو لاکير، سرائي علي حسن هڪڙو، وڏيروخداداد خان انڙ، خانبهادر ڌڻي بخش جتوئي، وڏيرو دوست محمد ٿيٻو، وڏيرو علي محمد ٿيٻو، سيٺ ورومل ولرمل، وڏيرو پيربخش تنيو ۽ وڏيرو چاڪر خان.

    بينظير ڀٽو کي جنهن شام شهيد ڪيو ويو، انهيءَ رات سنڌ جي مختلف شهرن ۾ بئنڪن، خاص ماڻهن جي ملڪيتن ۽ سرڪاري ادارن کي باهيون ڏنيون ويون. اها اهڙي ته انوکي سوچيل سمجهيل سازش هئي جو ڪيترن عمارتن کي سيڪو زور آيو، پر انهن بدران رڪارڊ سڙي رک ٿي ويو. باهه جو اهو انداز ڪنهن فني ۽ جنگي مهارت واري باهه کان گهٽ نه هئو. ائين لاڙڪاڻي جي ضلعي لوڪلبورڊ کي به باهه لڳي، جنهن ۾ سمورو رڪارڊ سڙي ويو. ان ڪري ٿي سگهي ٿو ته 1920ع جي آخر ۾ چونڊون ٿيون هجن ۽ سرشاهنواز ڀٽو ڊسٽرڪٽ لوڪلبورڊ جو ميمبر ٿيو هجي، ۽ اڳتي هلي ان جو صدر ٿيو هجي. پر اها پڪي ڳالهه آهي ته 1933ع ۾ به سرشاهنواز خان ڀٽو لوڪلبورڊ جو صدر ۽ حاجي اميد علي لاهوري نائب صدر هو. جولاءِ 1934ع ۾ لوڪلبورڊ جي نئين صدر جي چونڊ ٿي آهي. ان لاءِ 9 جولاءِ تي جيڪا گڏجاڻي ٿي آهي، ان ۾ سرشاهنواز ڀٽي جو ميمبر يا صدر طور نالو شامل ڪونهي. هن اجلاس ۾ چوويهن ميمبرن شرڪت ڪئي آهي. اجلاس ۾ پيربخش کهاوڙ رٿ پيش ڪئي ۽ عبدالهادي ٻگهئي ان جي تائيد ڪئي ته محمد ايوب کهڙو لوڪلبورڊ جو صد ٿئي. جڏهن ته پرڀداس رٿ ڏني ۽ علي گوهر خان لاهوريءَ ان جي تائيد ڪئي ته نبي بخش خان ڀٽو لوڪلبورڊ جو صدر ٿئي. تڏهوڪي نائب صدر علي حسن هڪڙي ووٽنگ ڪرائي ته ٻنهي اميدوارن کي هڪ جيترا ووٽ مليا. پوءِ نائب صدر پنهنجو ووٽ نبي بخش خان ڀٽي کي ڏنو ۽ نتيجي ۾ هو ضلعي لوڪلبورڊ جو صد ٿي ويو. هاڻي جڏهن نئين صدر جي چونڊ جولاءِ 1934ع ۾ ٿئي ٿي ته ان مان اهو اندازو لڳائي سگهجي ٿو ته نئين صدر چونڊجن يعني جولاءِ 1934ع تائين سرشاهنواز ڀٽو ڊسٽرڪٽ لوڪلورڊ جو صدر رهيو هوندو.

    لوڪلبورڊ جو ذڪر ڪرڻ ان لاءِ ضروري هئو، جو لوڪلبورڊ ۽ سکربئراج جي حوالي سان هڪ وڌيڪ تاريخي غلطي کي ميسارڻو آهي. ڪن حلقن ۾ اها ڳالهه مشهور آهي ته تڏهوڪي وائسراءِ جنهن جو نالو پوءِ سکر بئراج تي رکيو ويو، تنهن کي هڪ سنڌ جي وڏيري نڪ ۾ دم ڏنو. هي اهي ڏينهن آهن جڏهن شاهنواز خان ڀٽي تي پريشانيءَ جا ڏينهن آيل هئا. ڇو ته تنهن زماني ۾ هن عشق جي ٻي شادي ڪئي هئي. انهيءَ شاديءَ ڪري خاص طور مٿس هندو برادري چڙهيل هئي. ان ڪري وائسراءِ ۽ سرشاهنواز خان ڀٽي هڪٻئي جي مدد ڪئي. ٻنهي سک جو ساهه کنيو ۽ سکر بئراج جي افتتاح ٿيڻ کان اڳ لاڙڪاڻي ضلعي ڪائونسل ٺهراءُ پاس ڪري، حڪومت کي تجويز ڏني يا گهر ڪئي ته سکر بئراج جو نالو وائسراءِ جي نالي پٺيان رکيو وڃي.

    جيئن مون شروع ۾ عرض ڪيو آهي ته اسان ڪنهن ڇنڊڇاڻ ڪري، ڳالهه يا واقعي تي تحقيق ڪرڻ بدران ٻڌل ۽ من گهڙيل ڳالهين جي آڌار تي تاريخي واقعا لکي، يا تاريخ مرتب ڪري، تاريخ کي ڏند ڪٿا بڻائي ڇڏيندا آهيون.

    سرشاهنواز خان ڀٽي ۽ هندوستان جي وائسراءِ جي هڪ وقت پريشان ٿيڻ، ٻنهي پريشان ماڻهن جو هڪٻئي کي بچائڻ جو معاهدو ڪرڻ ۽ لاڙڪاڻي لوڪلبورڊ مان سکر بئراج جي نالي رکڻ وارو ٺهراءُ پاس ڪرائڻ، اهي ڳالهيون سڀ عجيب ۽ من گهڙت لڳن ٿيون.

    چيو ٿو وڃي ته سکر ڊسٽرڪٽ بورڊ به اهڙي ئي قسم جو ٺهراءُ پاس ڪيو هئو. هاڻي سوال ٿو پيدا ٿئي ته لاڙڪاڻي مان ٺهراءُ جيڪڏهن هڪ سمجهوتي سان مشروط هئو ته سکر ضلعي ۾ ڪهڙي واردات ٿي هئي جو اتان جو لوڪلبورڊ به هڪ سمجهوتي ڪري يا خوشامد ڪرڻ لاءِ اهو ۽ اهڙو ٺهراءُ پاس ڪيو؟

    انگريز ته فيل مست سمجهيا ويندا هئا. اسان جي وڏ-گهراڻن، پوءِ اهي روحاني شخصيتون هجن يا سياسي، انهن ته انگريزن جي واکاڻ ڪندي اڇا وار ڪيا. انهيءَ اهڙيءَ صورتحال ۾ سنڌ جو ڪو وڏيرو وائسراءِ جي تڪ ۾ دم ڏئي، اها ڳالهه سمجهه ۾ نه ٿي اچي. انهن فيل مست ظالمن ته پيرپاڳاري جهڙي، باقي ٻين پيرن ۽ وڏيرن کان برجستي ماڻهوءَ کي به برداشت نه ڪيو. اهي حڪمران ڪيئن ٿا هڪ وڏيري کان ڊڄي وڃن ۽ سرشاهنواز خان ڀٽي سان بچڻ ۽ بچائن جو معاهدو ڪن.

    ٻي اهم ڳالهه، جيڪا هنن زباني روايتن ۽ ٻڌ جي ڳالهين ۽ مفروضن کي رد ڪري ٿي، اها هي آهي ته سکربئراج جو افتتاح 13 جنوري 1932ع تي ٿيو. جيڪڏهن سرشاهنواز ڀٽي، مانهن جي چواڻيءَ 1930ع ڌاري هندن جي دٻاءَ کان بچڻ لاءِ وائسراءِ کي خوش ڪرڻ لاءِ لاڙڪاڻي لوڪلبورڊ مان بئراج تي نالي رکڻ وارو ٺهراءُ پاس ڪرايو ته پوءِ 1930ع يا 1932ع وارا سال سرشاهنواز ڀٽي لاءِ مصيبت ۽ هندن جي دٻاءَ وارا سال ڪيئن ٿا ٿين؟ جڏهن انهيءَ مان کيس 1928ع ۾ ذوالفقار علي ڀٽو ڄمي ٿو. بي شڪ 1927ع وارو سال لاڙڪاڻي لاءِ هندو مسلمانن جي جنگ جو ميدا هئو. شاهنواز خان ڀٽي انهيءَ سال ٿورو اڳ هندو عورت کي مسلمان ٿيڻ کان پوءِ وني بڻايو ته 1927ع ۾ ڳيريلي، ضلعي لاڙڪاڻي مان هندن هڪ مسلمانياڻيءَ مائي کي اغوا ڪري، يا سندس راضپي سان شادي ڪيو هو. انهن واقعن کي تاريخ جي ورقن مان اوجهل ڪيو ويو آهي. 1927ع ۾ سڄي هندوستان ۾ ”لاڙڪاڻي – ڊي“ ملهايو ويندو هو.

    انهيءَ پسمنظر ۾ اهو مفروضو غلط ثابت ٿئي ٿو ته سرشاهنواز ڀٽي هندن جي عتاب کان بچڻ لاءِ سمجهوتو ڪري سکربئراج جو نالو وائسراءِ جي نالي پٺيان لائڊ / لاڊ بئراج تجويز ڪيو. هيءَ ڳالهه سا برابر ٺيڪ آهي ته سکر بئراج ٺهرائڻ ۾ اڪيلي سر نه به، پر سرشاهنواز ڀٽي جو وڏو عمل دخل آهي. هن 9 جون 1923ع تي بامبي ليجسليٽو ڪائونسل ۾ سکر بئراج ٺهڻ جي حق ۾ تقرير ڪئي هئي، ان ۾ اهو ساڳيو ئي هڳاءُ آهي، جيڪو هن وقت ڪالاباغ ڊيم جي خدشن بابت عام سنڌيءَ جو آهي. هن سان گڏ ليجسليٽو ڪائونسل ۾ سنڌ مان ديپچند اوجها، بي. جي. پهلاجاڻي، غلام حسين شيخ ۽ صوفي قلندربخش به ميمبر هئا ۽ انهن به چڱو پاڻ ملهائيو. 8 جون سرچمن لال اسيمبليءَ ۾ بئراج بابت ٺهراءُ پيش ڪيو هو، جنهن جي حق ۾ انهن سمورن ڳالهايو هو. سکر بئراج جي ٺهراءُ واري ليجسليٽو ڪائونسل جي ڪاروائي گل حيات ۾ محفوظ آهي ۽ فقط اتي موجود آهي، جيڪا ڪتابي صورت ۾ شايع ڪرائي سگهجي ٿي.

    سرشاهنواز ڀٽو سنڌ جي تاريخ جو ”آدرش“ نه، پر هڪ ڪردار آهي، جنهن جو چوٿون نسل سياست ۽ اقتدار ۾ اچي رهيو آهي. هن جي سياست جو بنياد ۽ اصول، انگريز – دوستيءَ تي ٻڌل هئو. هن سنڌ محمدن ايسوسئيشن، امن سڀا، سنڌ اتحاد پارٽي ۽ سنڌ جي بمبئيءَ کان علحدگيءَ واري تحريڪ ۾ جيڪو ڪردار ادا ڪيو، ان تي هڪ کان وڌيڪ ڪتاب لکي سگهجن ٿا. سندس سياسي زندگيءَ ۾ عجيب قسم جا لاها چاڙها آئيا. هن ئي سڀ کان اڳ ۾ ”سنڌ پيپلز پارٽي“ ٺاهي ۽ سندس پٽ ذوالفقار علي ڀٽي پنهنجي پارٽيءَ جي اهو ئي نالو رکيو. هن جي صدارت وارن ڏهاڙن ۾ سنڌ محمدن ايسوسئيشن مسلمانن جي ترجماني ڪئي ته انگريزن سان وفاداري به ڏيکاري. سندس ڪوششن سان ۽ انگريزن جي چوڻ تي هن جي ڳوٺ ۽ ڀرپاسي ۾ ”خلافت تحريڪ“ جي مخالف ۾ ”امن سڀائون“ قائم ٿيون. 1937ع ۾ جيڪي نئين صوبي جي حيثيت ۾ سنڌ ليجسليٽو اسيمبليءَ جون چونڊون ٿيون، ان ۾ سنڌ اتحاد پارٽي جي ٻنهي بانين، ٻنهي سر يعني سرشاهنواز ڀٽي ۽ سرحاجي عبدالله هارون هارايو هو. سرشاهنواز ڀٽي کي مذهب جي آڙ ۾ ۽ حاجي عبدالله هارون کي ذات پرستيءَ جي ڏڍ تي هاريو ويو. اشتهار ڇپرايا ويا ته سرشاهنواز ڀٽي جو مخالف شيخ عبدالمجيد سنڌي کٽيندو ته ”هزارين هندو مسلمان ٿيندا“. ڪراچي ۾ اشتهارن ۾ لکرايو ويو هو ته ”بلوچن جي غيرت جي تقاضا آهي ته بلوچ کين ووٽ ڏيڻ ۽ نه ڪي حاجي عبدالله هارون کي“.

    پاڪستاني سياست جي حوالي سان سرشاهنواز ڀٽي ۽ سندس پٽ ذوالفقار علي ڀٽي تي کوڙ سارا الزام لڳا. سرشاهنواز ڀٽي تي اهو الزام لڳايو ويو ته هو جڏهن جهونا ڳڙهه اسٽيٽ جو ديوان هئو ته انڊيا کي اسٽيٽ تي قبضي ڪرڻ جي هشي به ڏنائين ۽ مدد به ڪيائين. جڏهن ته انهيءَ جي برعڪس تاريخ جا ورق اها به شاهدي ڏين ٿا ته جڏهن هن کي پڪ ٿي وئي ته انڊيا جهونا ڳڙهه تي قبضو ڪندي ته هن اتان ڳچ خزانو پاڪستان حڪومت حوالي ڪيو هئو. سندس پٽ ذوالفقار علي ڀٽي تي وري اهو الزام هنيو ويو ته هن اوڀر پاڪستان کي ٽوڙائڻ ۾ ڪردار ادا ڪيو. هن حوالي سان تاريخ وري اها شاهدي ڏئي ٿي ته ان کان گهڻو وقت اڳ اولهه پاڪستان ۾ هڪ مخصوص گروهه اوڀر پاڪستان مان جند ڇڏائڻ جو فيصلو ڪري ورتو هئو. شيخ مجيب الرحمان جن ڇهن نڪتن تي گهڻو زور ڏنو ۽ ان جي بنياد تي ملڪ ٽٽو، ان بابت هاڻي اها ڳالهه پڌري ٿي چڪي آهي ته انهن جو ماسٽرمائينڊ ۽ ليکڪ الطاف گوهر هيو. اهڙيءَ ريت بنگلاديش جو جهنڊو به ڪراچيءَ ۾ تيار ٿيو پر ان ڪهاڻي جي شروعات اسائنمينٽ کان ٿي ۽ پڄاڻي انڊپيڊنس سان ٿي.

    Sindhilegend@yahoo.com